Your browser either does not support JavaScript, or you have JavaScript turned off.

The Christian Apostolic Institute of Evangelology
Jesus Christ's Grace from the Womb to the Paradise

Evangelize the universe. Exterminate the heresies. We are contributing to evolution of legitimate Christianity with the study of Evangel.

Lexicon

The terms on Christianity are explained intelligibly. This index is expedient to divide the text and is not a special idification. Since the order of the words is rough, you may read anywhere you please.

The Christ and The Gospel

Bible

The sacred scriptures of Christianity. "Bible" in English originates in "biblos (writing)" in the Greek (Koine). The reason why the Greek called a writing "biblos" might be that papyrus used as the material was imported from the town called Biblos.

New Testament

The meaning of "new will". The book in which the New Covenant of between God and human was described. The core of the scriptures of Christianity.

Old Testament

In Christianity the series of texts describing the Covenant which the Jews received from God are "old will" . Old Testament has the significance only as the prediction of the appearance of our Lord Jesus Christ.

Canon

The Biblical regular text. New Testament has 27 Writings and Old Testament 39. There are some differences which the canons are by the groups. Apocrypha The Biblical irregular text. The documents which are not adopted as a canon. All of them are not fabricated. Some contents are not heretical. They are indispensable to study the Bible.

Apocrypha (Catholicism), Epicrypha(Protestantism)

The documents which are not canonical or apocryphal either. Since there are many gnostic things, cautions are required to read them.

Septuaginta Septuagint LXX

The Greek translation of Old Testament. It is said to have been materialized in the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt, in the 3rd or 2nd century BC. From the legend that the 70(72) Jewish men translated it, ordered by Ptolemy the 2nd in order to store it in Museion of Alexandria, it is named like this. Since the original Hebrew version (Proto-Septuagint) was lost, as Old Testament before Jesus Christ, it is the only thing. Therefore, in Catholic and Orthodox, "Old Testament" is this "LXX" and that is correct. The Protestant use the text called "Massorah" as Old Testament, which was materialized late after the Jewish Wars, already in the Talmudic period, and so it is defferent from the text in the time of Jesus Christ. Therefore, we must always be cared about this, in interpreting Old Testament as the prophesy of Evangel.

The Septuagint currently checked by the present are the only 3 codices bellow
"Codex Vaticanus" : 4th century. The oldest one.
"Codex Alexandrinus" : 5th century. It is in the British Museum.
"Codex Sinaiticus" : 4th century. It is in Leipzig and Petersburg.

Koine

The classic Greek dialect used in the Attica district centering on Athens. It was widely spoken in the whole eastern Mediterranean sea and became the de facto official language for the Hellenistic Period. The original texts of New Testament were described by it.

Christian

People who accept Jesus Christ as the Lord God and Son of God, believe Evangel and recieve baptism. There are many groups.

Christ

In Greek "Christos". The Greek translation of "Messiah" in Hebrew. The meaning of "man poured oil". In the sense of Jesus Christ, it is a proper noun. In old Orient, it was usual that the king purified his body with perfumed oil.

Messiah

It seemingly is the meaning of "oiled" in Hebrew. In Judaism, the messiah rescues the Jewish people from the rule by other people, and becomes a king of Judea. To Christianity, only Jesus Christ who is God and Son of God is the unique Messiah.

Savior

In Greek "Soter". In Latin "Salvator". In the sense of Jesus Christ, it is a proper noun. As the title of Jesus Christ, "Pantocrator(All-ruler)", "(Alpha-omega The First and Last)", "Almighty(Omnipotent)", "King of kings", "Lord of Lords" etc.

It is the logical conclusion that God the Creator is also the Savior. that is, the Aimighty does completely because He is perfect in both respects of creation and salvation. God create and save completely. If you accept a created savior like the messianists (the Judaists, Shiite Muslims, etc.), you have to deal what kind of relations between it and God are. Though it is a creature, if it saves as completely as God, which on earth is it? It will be closer to the Creator infinitely, though it is created.

If you accept such an existence, you shall fall in idol worship, into dualism (the gnosticism, the Mithraism, etc.). Whatever power it may be given from God, it is not God but a creature at all, so it cannot save as God. Therefore it is an imperfect savior after all. Even if it will be a reformer, it cannot be Savior. And since it makes just an imperfect salvation, in this world, imperfect salvations will be repeated, so the world will never be saved as a result. this is nothin but a self-contradiction.

However you may worship an imperfect savior, you cannot get a true salvation, so you should deny such a roundabout faith. Such a roundabout way is like, in chess, "forking king and rook". It is out of understanding whether you want to take the rook or the king. If you can take even the king, you will checkmate, why should you need to take the rook?

Similarly, "the proxy of God" should be denied. First of all, a proxy like an attorney or an agency is chosen for lack of ability of a client. However, God is the Almighty, and should not need a proxy because He excels farther than any kind of existence. That is, you will profane the capacity of God, if you accept the existence of the proxy of God. God uses some servants but does not use any proxies. God forsook the Byzantine Church because the emperor called himself Christ's proxy. The proxy for God or Jesus Christ cannot be conceived.

Alpha and Omega (ΑΩ)

ΑΩ means Jesus Christ is the Creator and the Judge. Later in India, it was taken into Buddhism as "A-Hum(Ahum)".

...I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last. (REV 22:13）

Son of God

Jesus Christ is God and Son of a God. No doubt Son of God is Son of man, i.e., human. The reason He is called the "Son" is that God called Himself so. The Father is the Son and the Son is the Father, for the Both are logically equivalent.

Jesus

About 2,000 years ago, He was born in Bethlehem and grown up in Nazareth. His father is Joseph and his mother Mary. He was baptized by John the Baptist, and told Evangel, the New Covenant. He was charged by the Jews and condemned to death by the Roman chief Pilate. The name of "Jesus" is that Joseph was ordered by the Archangel Gabriel. It seems that the name of Jesus was not new to the Jews those days. In addition, He has "Immanuel (Emmanuel)" as another name. It is said the meaning of "God with us".

B.C.

Although it means "Before Christ", it is presumed now that birth of Jesus Christ might be in B.C. There is also the notation "B.C.E. (Before Christian Era or Before Common Era)".

A.D.

Abbreviation of "Anno Domini" in Latin. At the beginning, the first year of the Julian-calendar was considered to be Jesus Christ's birth year. There is also the notation "A.C.E (After Christian Era or After Common Era)". The human history is divided into two, "Before the Christ" and "after the Christ". "Before the Christ" is "Before the Evangel", "Before the Revelation" or "Before the Advent", and the essence is prophesy. That is, all the historical phenomena are the prophesy of Jesus Christ, and interpreted integrally and systematically as the preparatory step of Evangel. "After the Christ" is "After the Evangel" ,"After the Revelation" or "After the Advent", and the essence is manifestation. That is, all the historical phenomena are the manifestation of Jesus Christ, and interpreted integrally and systematically as the execution phase of Evangel. And the End is the completion of Evangel.

Millennary Cycle

A millennium in Latin is "1,000 years". 1,000 years in the Bible is considered as an entire day for God. Therefore, the Christian's history will repeat morning, daytime, evening, and night in 1,000 years after Jesus Christ's returning to Heaven. Morning is a period of a hope, though there is suppression, the doctrine is re-established. Daytime is a period of prosperity, churches are built and faith prospers. Evening is a period of agitation, the doctrine swings, the party is divided, many heretical cults appears and persecution by the pagan also takes place. Night is a period of patience, the heresy and the paganism spread, many anti-Evangelic thoughts and the satanism prevail, and serious non-sums and ruptures arise also among the Christians. The morning, daytime, evening, and night in the first and the second millennium and the main phenomena are as follows.

the 1st M:Morning (33 Jesus Christ's Resurrection- 312 Victory of Constantine the Great) : Activity of the Apostles, the Apostolic Church Fathers and Church Fathers.
Daytime (313 - 622 Muhammad's Hegira) : Erection of Hagia Sophia.
Evening (623 - 843 Aggravation of Church Division) : Aggression against the European Christendom by the Islamic influence.
Nighttime (843 - 1032) : Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher by Al-Hakim.
the 2nd M:Morning (1033 to 1187 Downfall of Jerusalem Kingdom) : Frenzy to the Crusade and the Knighthood.
Daytime (1188 to 1453 Surrender of Constantinople) : Evolution of theology and fever for pilgrimage.
Evening (1454 to 1789 French Revolution) : Secularization and degeneration of the Church.Reformation and intensification of the cult confrontations.
Nighttime (1790 - 2032) : Fashion of Marxism (materialism, atheism, nihilism)
The present is the end of the night of the 2nd millennium, and the day will be breaking soon, and it will become the morning of the 3rd millennium.

Joseph

Jesus' father. The descendant of David and Abraham. Joseph's blood is not inherited by Jesus. Probably for the reason, the image of the father on the family register is strong. Since Mary is also the whole family of David, he is less important also in respect of the prophesy that the Savior comes out of the descendants of David. However, he did his best to protect his baby Jesus and wife Mary, carrying out an escape journey to Egypt according to Gabriel's advice, and deserves respected as a splendid father of family affection.

Virgin Mary (Maria)

In the Semitic languages, Miriam or Mariam. Jesus' mother. The descendant of David and Abraham. Probably after her death, she has got sanctified progressingly. With the Canon, although there are a few references, it is supposed lastly that Jesus Christ pulled up Mary to Heaven. It is Assumption. Mary is not expressed "Dead" in either Catholicism or Orthodoxy. She must be expressed "Slept". Moreover, in Heaven, it is supposed that Mary is in the highest rank which exceeds all the angels and Saints. The title "Meter Theoi (the mother of God)" in Greek is offered to her. Also "Theotokos (Who induces God)". In the 5th century, Nestorius was opposed to using the name, he was sentenced as heresy. In Catholicism in the 16th century, it is determined that Mary is free from all the crimes of Original Sin. Annunciation The archangel Gabriel told and informed Virgin Mary of having conceived Jesus.

Annunciation

Archangel Gabriel told virgin Mary to conceive Jesus.

Virgin Birth

Mary who was a virgin became pregnant and gave birth by the Holy Spirit. There are some opinions as the year when Jesus was born. David reigned over Israel for 40 years (and 6 months), so it is rational as interpretation of the Bible to consider Jesus also spent 40 years (and 6 months) from the Incarnation to the Execution and the Resurrection. Since the Crucifixion and the Resurrection is 1st to 3rd in April 33, Jesus Christ is considered, the gestation period set on 10 months, to be conceived around 1st to 3rd April, 8 B.C.(October, 9 B.C.) and born around 1st to 3rd February, 7 B.C. (August, 8 B.C.) If the 6 months is not taken into consideration, the Birth of Jesus is in the midwinter, February.

However, it is cold in the night of winter even in Israel. For pregnant Mary, it must have been hard. But possibly it may have been extraordinarily warm at discretion of God. On the other hand, if the 6 months is taken into consideration, the Birth of Jesus is in the the midsummer, August. Since it was summer, it could be explained rationally that Joseph and Mary was able to stay at the horse hut.

Moreover, 8 B.C. is the year for which Augustus carried out the census, although it is unknown when and in what kind of content (registration term etc.) the Imperial edict was emitted . However, it is not effectual to carry out a census in winter. It is more realistic to think that it was carried out in summer. Therefore, at present, individually, I want to take an opinion for "40 years and 6 months (Birth in August)". Furthermore, the 40 days after the Resurrection is alluring whether added or not. It seems to be better not to count, since Jesus Christ has revealed that He is God after the Revival. The conclusion suspends.

In addition, the family register has got confused for the infant erasure by Herod the Great, and the census at this time has become invalid. It is because people who do not want to kill their boys have canceled a family register or made a foreign citizenship. Therefore, the ancestral register of Jesus was carried out not in Bethlehem but in Nazareth (place of residence) after 7 years and 6 months. So, on the family register, Jesus became the Nazarene. "7 years and 6 months" is equivalent to the period which David reigned Israel in Hebron, and Jesus was the same period yonger on the family register. Jesus Christ arranged these all by Himself so that the things might become as prophesy.

John the Baptist

Son of Zacharias the priest of Judaism and his wife Elizabeth. Reincarnation of the Prophet Elijah. Since Elizabeth was a relative of Mary, Jesus and John are also relatives. Although Elizabeth was barren and Mr. and Mrs. Zacharias did not have a child, Elizabeth bore John after growing older. This is because God arranged so for John to baptize Jesus. Therefore, John was titled "The Forerunner". John disliked the lifestyle filled with affectation in the cities, and lived a poor life in the wilderness. He explained the reformation of life and baptized many in the Jordan River, who had been prophesied "the Voice in the wilderness" in Old Testament. He was arrested by Herod Antipas, the son of Herod the Great who governed the Galilean district and made the neck cut according to the request of Salome, his daughter-in-law.

Herod the Great

The Jewish ruler of Judea of the time when Jesus was born. He heard from the Magi that "the king of Judea" was born, and ordered killing all the boys within 2 years after birth. Jesus and John the Baptist got out to Egypt and escaped difficulty. He fawned and flattered Roman emperor Augustus and maintained the appearance of the ruler. Judea was completely made into the tributary of Rome after his death.

Pontius Pilate

Pontius Pilatus. The Roman governer of Judea. He feared the rebellion of the Jews and ordered the Execution of Jesus. It is said that he committed suicide after relegated to Gaul.

Bethlehem

The town where Jesus Christ was born. The neighboring town of Jerusalem. David was a son of Jesse of Bethlehem and was a shepherd. In Old Testament, the Messiah must have been a descendant of David, and prophesied He would come out from this town. But Joseph who lived in Nazareth was accompanied by Mary and went to Bethlehem to register his resident. The Roman emperor Augustus (Octavianus) ordered the national census for taxation. In Judea, it is the custom the pople registered in their hometown. Since Joseph was the whole family of David, he went to Bethlehem.

Nazareth

The town where Jesus Christ grew up. It is in the hill of the Galilean district. Jesus Christ was called "The Nazarene", and early Christians were also called the Nazarenes. On the crime vote of Jesus, "Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum (Jesus, Nazarene, King of the Jews)" was written.

Christmas

The holiday to commemorate the Advent of Jesus Christ. It is not the birthday. Furthermore, it is not Santa Claus's Day, either. It is written "X'mas", and X (chi) in Greek is the initial of "Christos", and "mas" is "Mass". Although it is said that Christmas was celebrated in Alexandria around 200 A.D., it is from the Constantine period that it have become open. Although celebrated in Catholic or many Protestants on 25th December, in Orthodox, it is on 7th January. It seems that there are rarely some groups which do not celebrate Christmas. It should be affirmed that other believers and pagans celebrate Christmas. Christ is more tolerant than anyone. Although the way to Heaven is steep, it is opened to all the humans. All who want to celebrate are competent to celebrate.

Santa Claus

St. Nicholas supposed to distribute presents to the children at Christmas. He is drawn in the image of an old fat man in red or blue thick (probably wool 100%) and with the white beard. He carries on the back a big white bag in which the presents were blocked, and flies in the sky with a sled which the reindeers pull. It is said that he resides in Finland. It is the custom which has progressed in the United States, and has spread all over the world. In the United States, from 6:00 p.m. on the 24th up to 6:00 a.m. on the 25th of December it is "Santa's Hour", and the flight limit of the passenger planes is performed so that they may not become the obstacle of the activities of Santa Claus.

Bethlehem Star (The Star of Bethlehem)

Matthew says that the star led the Magi to Bethlehem when Jesus Christ was born. Although many are surmising that this "star" is an astronomical phenomenon, truely its character is Archangel Gabriel. Luke says that the angel appeared shining in the night sky when Mary induced Jesus in the horse hut of Bethlehem. These two are the same phenomenon. First of all, the Birth of Jesus Christ who is the Creator Lord should not be determined by the operation of the heavenly bodies which are created by Him.
Against this, Bible scholars bring forth a counterargument as follows. The date when the shepherds saw Jesus Christ and the date when the wise men found Him are different. The shepherds got to know Christ who had just been born still in a manger. On the other hand, the wise men had an audience with Christ when it had passed maximum about 3 years after He was born. because Christ is expressed "young child" by Matthew, but by Luke "baby". Moreover, after the wise men went back avoiding King Herod, he tried to slay all the children in Bethlehem and in all the coasts who were 2 years old and under.
But it is hard to consider to be an usual astronomical phenomenon, for Matthew described, it went before the wise men, till it came and stood over where Christ was in Bethlehem. And primarily, if it is a usual astronomical phenomenon, it must be visible to others. Even if only the men can find the star because they were wise, why did they turn out that it was the sign of "King of the Jews"? There must have been a certain divine message, and it would have been based on the angel. That is to say, at the night when Jesus Christ was born, a mass of angels shone, which the wise men of the east witnessed, with the Nativity announced.
Additionally some hold that this phenomenon is a ball lightning or a UFO nonsensically. A ball lightning is a very temporal plasma, and the aliens have no business with the birth of the Savior who come for the humans. Incidentally, Gabriel is the morning star, Phosphorus (Lucifer) in the title.

In the Bible, there are some discriptions as if God or Christ talked to someone directly as "Revelation", but mostly they are done by Gabriel.

Angel

One of the creatures. In creatures, there are the ones which are permitted to have the intention and the ones not so. The angels have the intention as well as the humans, and can exchange it with the spirits and the souls. Therefore, the angels might also disobey the divine command, and be banished from the Paradise as a punishment. In the ancient times, the angels were confused with the deities, so people held polytheism.

However, the angels and the humans are another creatures. To serve God, the angels were created, though the humans were created to be loved by Him. The angels are drawn in the shape of human with the wings, but they are formlessly originally and can transform to any appearances. The angels originally has neither the sense nor feelings like the robots. It is not consideration of Christianity that man will be a angel after death. The angel is immortality while it doesn't degenerate. Because the creatures who serve God should serve as long as God exists. Therefore there is neither sex nor gender to the angels which need not breed. The fallen angels who stop serving God and are banished from Heaven become the devils or the antichrists.

The angels are older than the humans. The angels were created to achieve the divine intentions in the created world. Many of things about which the scholars and the clergy are talking about the realities and hierarchy of the angels have not been out of imagination. With the labor of the metagalaxy is invested to write down all of the working of the angels, it is insufficient, though the angels exists infinitely as well as the ranks of the angels. We should worry about jesus Christ, not the angels. It is because the angels don't save us.

It is difficult to apply superiority or inferiority to the angels and the humans, though there are some who worry which of them are greater. Because neither of them are different in the point to the loyalty to Christ. Actually, the heavenly beings to approach Christ most highly are human's men and women, as Adam the Formed (Because he was given the form.), and Eve the Laster (Because her blood continues to the end of the world.), Abraham the Leader (Because he was commanded as a leader), Enoch-Metatron the Instructed (Because he was instructed by God.), Jacob-Israel the Celebrated (Because he was blest.), Moses the Legislator (because he was a maker of the divine laws.), David the Reigner (Because he was the king by God.), Elijah-John the Prophet or Forerunner (Because he announces the divine intensions.), Mary the Generator (Because she had Son of God.), Joseph the Guardian (Because he guarded Jesus and Mary.), the Apostles the Followers (Because they followed Christ.) ect,. This means that some humans are raised up to higher positions than the angels. The last shall be the first as Christ says. Oppositely, the angels will receive a severer punishment and fall down to hell without exception when they degenerate, for they are not to be sure to degenerate.

God tries to realize His intentions through the angels, though He doesn't take part in the events in the created world directly. However, the Lord rarely orders the angels directly. In another word, all the instructions were issued beforehand, and the angels are requested to execute them faithfully. In a word, this world is one of the divine programs, and has been completely described prior. However, there are some misunderstandings and failures by all means when the angels interpret and execute the program. God previewed such disfunctions, so they does not matter at all.

It should be impossible for very excellent creatures to go to and go on the divine intentions perfectly. The command codes by God are transmitted with Metatron specifying the angel. Most angels do not have a name, so they are specified by the coordinates. The Coordinates are decided by four enhanced natural numbers. The enhanced natural number is a natural number that contains the Christ-Number N�� (N-Chi), and the space of any density can be counted. Nothing is uncountable for God. By the way, the coordinates of God are (N��, N��, N��, N��), whatever position may be based. This point is unique and stable in nature.

Archangel

The one that the key role is especially given in the angels is called Archangel. There are seven Archangels. They are Michael ( "the appearance of God" ), Gabriel ( "the fort of God" ), Raphael ( "the healing of God" ), Uriel ( "the shine of God" ), Camael ( "the punishment of God" ), Zerakiel ( "the mission of God" ), and Zadkiel ( "the justice of God" ). The Archangels can receive the instruction from God directly. They are given a far more powerful authority compared with the other angels, so called Commander Angels. They are disposing innumerable angels to the subordinate. They have magnificent power and can do anything but things that only Christ can do. They destroy the degenerated universe at the End of the world.

Guardian angel

The angels who guard a human, a city, a nation, a country, etc. They are sent in order to protect a pious man, society, state, etc. against devilish temptations and attacks.

Seraph, Seraphim

The oldest angels. The oldest creatures, that is, the creatures before Genesis. they are the friends of God, and the angels who are the nearest to God. There are four Seraphim. They are Ramiel ( "the thunder of God". Its pet name is "Ram, Ramy". ), Raguel ( "the friend of God". Its pet name is "Ragie". ), Shamsiel ( "the day of God". Its pet name is "Sham, Shamy". ), and Leliel ( "the night of God". Its pet name is "Lelie". ). They have innumerable eyes on the whole body, and have six wings. According to John, Ramiel is like to a lion, Raguel is like to a man, Shamsiel is like to a eagle, and Leliel is like to a calf.

Cherub, Cherubim

The Angels as old as the Seraphim. To praise God, they were created. They are the managers of the spirits (ghosts). Jophiel ( "the beauty of God" ), Jegudiel ( "the applause to God" ), Barachiel ( "the blessing of God" ), and Selaphiel ( "the distribution of God" ), etc.
They have four faces, four wings, and four hands. Their faces are a man, a lion, a ox and a eagle according to Ezekiel. They are accompanied by a wheel full of eyes. Their whole bodies are burning and lightening.

Magi, Magus

In KJV, "the Wise men from the east". They might be the priests or the astronomers of Babylonia (Chaldea) i.e., the Parthia kingdom (the Persian kingdom in the district of present Iraq and Iran). However, the possibility that they were Arab, Indian, Thai, Indonesian, Chinese, and also a Japanese etc. cannot be denied from the vague expression "the east". They got to know with the star that "the King of Judea" was born, and told the congratulatory address to King Herod. They worshiped to Jesus Christ in Bethlehem, and they offered gold and olibanum (frankincense) and myrrh. In the Gospel by St. Matthew, there is no clear statement about the number of them and there are have some opinions in tradition 3, 4, 12 people etc. The gifts are 3, so Considering them 3 people is accepted most. In Europe, the 6th of New Year is Epiphany to be commemorated.

Galilee

The District in northern Israel around Sea of Galilee (Gennesaret in Greek). It was the prophesy of Old Testament that the Messiah would be the man from Galilee and called the Galilean. Since Jesus Christ was also only called "the Galilean", some of early Christians, whose substance seemed to be Judaism although it was probably the cult led by the relatives of Him, were also called the Galileans.

Jordan River

The river where Jesus Christ was baptized. It flows out of Sea of Galilee and into the Dead Sea.

Jerusalem

This city was the base of the politics and the economics of Canaan, which exists in the middle of the Dead Sea from Jaffa (Joppa), as the relay point connecting the Mediterranean and the inland. It is surrounded by the valleys and the mountains, so as the point of the fort (Zion). Therefore, the Semite people have scrambled for it. David took this land from the Jebusites, and built the ramparts considered as "the town of David". After the Yahweh temple was built in the David-Salomon era, the special significance was also added to it as a religiouslly holy place. As the place where Jesus Christ worked and was executed, it has been regarded as sacred over 2,000 years. In the Rev, St. John expressed the Heaven as New Jerusalem.

Jerusalem Cross

The design in which a central large square cross is surrounded with 4 small ones. Since it was adopted as the national flag of the Jerusalem Kingdom which the crusaders established in Palestine, it tends to be considered the Crusader's Cross, but there had been the design itself from before the crusade, and it means Jesus Christ and the 4 Evangelists (Gospels). Therefore, it should be called "Evangel Cross" or "Gospel Cross".

Last Supper

The supper made with the Twelve Apostles and so on in the evening before the execution of Jesus Christ. In this seat He called the bread His body and the wine His blood. He admonished them that they should remember Him whatever they might eat and drink. Moreover, He taught the value of love again, and told He should be handed over by the betrayer and executed.

Crucifixion

The execution on the cross. Jesus was crucified with two criminals in the morning on Friday, 1st(3rd) April 33 A.D. in the Gregorian calender (14th Nisan 3793 in the Hebrew calendar). In addition, about the 14th Nisan being the 1st or 3rd in conversion of the Gregorian-calendar, I reserve the conclusion for confirmation of compatibility with the lunar calender.

Hebrew Calendar and Gregorian Calendar
1. In Hebrew Calendar a day begins at sunset.
2. Gregorian Calendar, which begins in the 16th century, is counted back up to the past.
Nisan 3793
14th(preparation)-----------------------------------------------------15th(Sabbath=high day)---16th
sunset-Last Supper-Mount Olivet-Judgement-Crucifixion----sunset---------------------sunset-----daybreak-Resurrection
April 33 A.D.
-----------------1st(Fri)------------------------------------------------------------2nd(Sat)-------------------3rd(Sun)

Cross

Since Jesus Christ was crucified, it became the symbol of the Passion, the Atonement and the Resurrection. Speaking of Christianity, it is the cross, but it is after St. Helen, mother of Constantine the Great, excavated Golgotha in Jerusalem that it has become the symbol of faith completely. The Holy Cross discovered at this time is in Santa Croce In Gerusalemme, Rome. Till then "XP (Chi-Rho)" which is Jesus Christ's initials or "fish (Ichthys)" which is from the initials of "Iesous Christos Theou Yios Soter ( Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior)" was used commonly.

There are many various designs of the Cross.
1. Square Cross: The design in which the axis of the same length cross at right angles. Since the Greek Orthodox Cross is typical, Square Cross is also called the Greek Cross. Square Cross expresses the Completeness of God.
2. Rectangle Cross: The design in which the shorter horizontal axis crosses the longer vertical axis. It is the most common image of the Cross. Since the Roman Catholic Cross is typical, Rectangle Cross is also called the Latin Cross. Although the ratio of the length of the vertical axis and the horizontal axis is not decided, many are in the golden ratio. Rectangle Cross expresses the Passion of Jesus Christ.
3. Baptism Cross: The design in which the two Square Crosses are laid at 45 degrees doubly. The right octagon was well used for the baptisteries.
4.

Golgotha

In Greek, it is the meaning of "skull". In Latin "Calvary". In the time of Jesus Christ it was the outside of the the city wall. In the ancient times, the execution ground and the tombs were located on the outside of the rampart. A skull is drawn on the pictures of the Crucifixion, and it is the predefined significance that it is Calvary. It was rediscovered by Helen, mother of Constantine the Great, and the Church of the Holy Sepulcher was built.

Resurrection

In Greek "Anastasis". Jesus Christ revived in the morning on Sunday, 3rd(5th) April 33 A.D. (16th Nisan 3793 in the Jewish calendar), and revealed that He is God. In addition, 10 centuries from the Resurrection is called a millennium. 1,000 years is a day for God. The present is the end of the 2nd millennium, and the 3rd millennium starts in spring of 2033.

Easter Pascha

The celebration which commemorates the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is said that "Easter" was the spring celebration of the Germanic people originally. Therefore, some claim that it is unsuitable, for the translation for "Easter" is pagan-like. In Greek, it is "Pascha" and is called such also in many districts in Europe. "Pascha" is the translation of "Pesah" of the celebration of the Jewish Passover. The festival has been reconsidered as the celebration of the Atonement by Jesus Christ in Christianity, since the Crucifixion was executed exactly in the fest.
It is good on Good Friday and Holy Saturday of Easter to fast with the Passion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, so as to deepen faith. Take "Last Supper" in the evening of Maundy Thursday, and do not take anything other than water till the morning of Easter Sunday. (Tea and coffee without sugar and milk is OK.) It is not bad to fast also on usual Friday or Saturday.

...the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken away from them,
and then shall they fast in those days.(Luk 5:35)

Passover Pesach

In Hebrew "Pesah". The celebration in which the Judaists commemorate Exodus. It is also the spring celebration. It starts on the 14th (sunset on Friday) of the month of Nisan. The Sanhedrin speeded the execution of Jesus Christ because the main festival was imminent.

Ascention

After the Resurrection Jesus Christ stayed in the world for 40 days and returned to Heaven from the top of Mount of Olives.

Second Coming, Second Advent

Parousia in Greek. Jesus Christ comes again like a lightning riding on the cloud to the world in the End. According to John, He destroys out the evil powers with the celestial troops. And He stays in the world for 1,000 years ( the Millennium ).

Regeneration

1. To become a Christian. To be baptized and make the life renew by the blessing of Jesus Christ.
2. Recreation of the world. Renewal of the world. The heaven and earth ( universe ) shall be renewed by Christ in the End. This imperfect world shall be dismantled, and creation of the new universe (New Genesis) shall be done. The Salvation of the world. The Accomplishment of the Evangel and the Completion of the Universe.

Evangel

"Evangel" in English originates in "good(eu) news(angelos)" in the Greek(Koine). The teaching of Jesus Christ and the Covenant of God.

Gospel

The writing which described Evangel. "Gospel" in English originates in "good spell (word)". The Gospels are the 4 canons in the beginning of New Testament. The four, St. Matthew, Marco, Luke, and John, described the life and instruction of Jesus Christ. The Gospel writer is called the Evangelist. The speeches and conducts of Jesus are the highest instruction. The Gospel is not a biography but a testimony(Wittness).

Matthew

Also called Levi. Evangelist. The author of the 1st Gospel. One of the Twelve Apostles. He is said to have been a tax collector. The tax collectors were the contractors of tax collection from the authority, and were scorned in Judea that they sold the soul to Rome. Only Matthew describes the Magi's Worship and the escape journey to Egypt, and they are the precious testimony.

Mark

Evangelist. The author of the 2nd Gospel.

Luke

Evangelist.The author of the 3rd Gospel.He was a Greek doctor also a painter.He is considered as the person who drew the first icon.This icon of Virgin Mary is called "Salutation of the Roman People (Salus Populi Romani)", and is in Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome.Although Luke's Gospel has a detailed description about Jesus Christ's birth, some deny the infallibility of the Gospel, for Luke's description is so wrong as to be seemingly incompatibile with the Roman records.However, if the Bible is read carefully, it turns out that Luke's description is completely right.

John

Evangelist.The author of the 4th gospel.One of the Twelve Apostles.He is accompanied by the title "the Theologian" or "the Devine" in order to be distinguished from John the Baptist or the other Saints of the same name in future generations.He was the most faithful to the instruction of Jesus Christ's love.He is called "Jesus loved", and when He was crucified, He entrusted His mother Mary to him.It is said that he described "The Revelation" which occupies the last of the canons, based on his experience of the prisoner in Patmos Island in the Aegean Sea.He is called "John of Love" compared to "Peter of Power".His tomb is located in Ephesus (Turkey).

Revelation

In Greek "Apocalypse".The revelation which John received from Gabriel in Patmos Island.The End of the world is described in detail.The whole volume is filled of metaphors, and characteristically esoteric.Christians had better not read it before their faith being established.Because this is a "litmus test" for Christians.Even if it is not read, it is possible to accept Evangel of Jesus Christ, and neccesary and sufficient for recieving the Grace to go to the Paradise.Rather, there is possibility of missing the foot on the way to Jesus Christ, by reading it.Historically, there have been many controversies from the formation, and some groups do not adopt it as the canon.

Millennium

According to The Revelation, after Jesus Christ comes again and defeats all the vicious influences, He remains on the earth for a thousand years. And the martyrs revive, then they become the king with Jesus Christ for a thousand years. Why do only the martyrs revive and become the king on the earth? Probably, it is a praise to having kept faith and having been killed. That is, it is the rehabilitation on the world to the sufferings on the world. The matter alike the Passion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ happens also to the martyrs. The Millennium realizes itself on the last 1,000 years of this world.

It seems that the Millennium is not accepted as a doctrine in the many Protestants, the Catholic and the Orthodox, because only John tells about it. However, it is not heretic. Since Jesus Christ orders the angels assemble His people, it is certain that the very best persons concentrates of all the Christians.

Last Judgment

Jesus Christ advents and impeaches the wrong in the End of the world.Only Christians survive this Judgement.After the Last Judgment Christians celebrate the New Passover with Jesus Christ in Heaven.This is called "the Christian Passover".Daniel prophesies when the End comes, revealed from Jesus Christ.It is from 1,290 days 1,335 day to after the day when Jesus Christ returned to Heaven. John wrote the End of the world would continue another 1,260 days (42 months). One day for God is 1,000 years, i.e., a millennium.

End of the World

When degeneration of all the creatures reaches to an extreme and the opportunity ripens, God the Creatot Lord will judge all of them.The good and the wrong are sorted.

The End of the world traces following passages according to John.
1. Declaration of the End of the world
The four Seraphim declare the beginning of the End. Christ (God's Lamb) opens the seven seals of the scroll of the Decision Book. The Cherubim select the servants of God from the Israeli people, and then seal them in their foreheads. The preparation for Damnation is completed.
2. Appearance of Satan and prosperity of Anti-Christianity, the passion of the Christians
The seven Archangels blow the trumpet of signal. 1/3 of the space disappears. The bottomless pit is opened, the followers of the dark angel Abaddon (Apollyon) are freed to afflicte the humans. The four angels ( of Hour, of Day, of Month, of Year) bound the river Euphrates are loosed, and 1/3 of the humans are killed. The Dragon of Satan appears, to give the authority to the Beast, and many worship it. The Christians, who do not convert to the evil faith, are holocausted. The seven Archangels give the last chance of reforming.
3. Explosion of the Anger of God and punishment of the Evil
The seven Archangels pour out the seven golden vials filled with wrath of God. The unprecedented extraordinary natural phenomena occur to baet up the humans. The evil powers concentrate at Armageddon. The celestial army led by Christ defeats the evil enemy. The capital of Evil, Babylon is burnt, and the Beast is captured and thrown into the lake of fire, and all the evil people are slaughtered.
4. Advent of Jesus Christ and establishment of the Millennial Kingdom
The Dragon of Satan is confined in the bottomless pit. Christ returns to the world, and all the Christians revive (the first resurrection), and the Millennium is established. This is the last day in this universe and the last look of it.
5. Emancipation and death of Satan
When the Last Day ends, Satan is untied again. Satan takes the nations of Gog and Magog along and encircles the capital of the Millennium kingdom. The army of Evil is burnt up by the fire that falls from Heaven. The gang of Satan is thrown out to the lale of fire and brimstone, and receives an eternal punishment.
6. Extinction of the universe and the Last Judgement
The heaven and earth, that is, the universe disappears. The Last Judgment is held, and all the dead (except the Christians who lived the Millennium) are judged. Good is distinguished sharply to evil, an eternal life is given to good, and an eternal punishment is given to evil. Even the death and the hell (Hades), now unnecessary, are thrown into the lake of fire (the Second Death).
7. New Genesis and Regeneration, Accomplishment of Evangel and completion of the universe of Love
The new universe is created by Christ, and the world is completed. New Jerusalem is given as a sanctuary ( tabernacle ) of the Christians who endure the trials. Embraced by Love of God, no evil and no death exist any longer. The bliss lasts through all eternity.

The Prophecy and The Teaching

Amarna period

Amenhotep the 4th, angry of the mighty priests, converted to Aten faith, renamed Ikhnaton (Akhenaten), moved the capital to Akhetaten and started the direct rule.The palace was in el-Amarna of the present day. Although Ikhnaton's administration took a peaceful and open policy diplomatically and appointed the foreigners to the important positions, it caused reaction of the old influences and finished in slight 20 years. Ikhnaton's wife was Nefertiti.

Tut-Ankh-Amun

The successor of Ikhnaton. He was an adopted child. He reconverted to Amun-Ra faith and returned the capital to Thebe, pushed by the pressure of the consevative influences. The 18th Dynasty collapsed by the coup d'etat soon after his death and was replaced by the 19th Dynasty of the Ramses family. Since his name was erased from the king table, it is said that it had escaped from the pillage of the tombs. He died young, so there are some opinions that he became the victim of the power conflict, but the assassination theory was refused by the latest investigation.

Aten

Also Aton. Aten was expressed by the solar disk. The origin may be Shamash of Babylonia. It is a foreign God, and differs from Ra of Egypt. Shamash is also drawn as a disk expressing the sun. Moreover, Shamash's symbol is strongly related to the cross. Faith of Shamash or Aten has the expectation for Jesus Christ in Orient at the bottom. The Shamash Cross is used by the Assyrian Catholicism (Chaldean Catholicism or Eastern Church) which makes the Mesopotamia a base. Aten is the oldest as what remains in the historical records as monotheism (one-god system). Later deification of Moses's Yahweh may also have been affected.

Ramses the 2nd (Ramesses) the 2nd (the Great)

The successor of Seti the 1st, the grandson of Ramses the 1st, the founder of the 19th Dynasty of Egypt. The dynasty had nationalistic character strongly, and subordinated the foreigners in order to erect huge shrines and monuments. It is supposed that the Israelis, led by Moses in the period of Ramses the 2nd, escaped from Egypt.

Hebrews

The origin of the Hebrew seems to be a Semetic tribe of Mesopotamia. Around 2000 B.C.,the Indo-European people in the northern part of the Eurasian Continent went down to south as the Arians (meaning the noble people) in the result of cooling down in the Northern Hemisphere. As a result, the movements of the tribes queued in the Middle East, probably the Hebrew emigrated west at the time. In the discovered Amarna tablets, there are some letters from the feudal lords of the Canaan district, asking the pharao of Egypt for relief, because troubled by pillage by the tribe called "Apiru", who are surmised whether they were the Hebrew. It seems that some Apiru people were caught as criminals and sold to Egypt as slaves. The whole family of Jacob comes to be called Israelis.

Jacob-Israel

The forefather of the Israeli. "Israel" is the title which God conferred upon Jacob. The son of the tribal chieftain Isasc. He commanded the whole family and moved to Canaan from Mesopotamia in Levant. Later when Joseph was successful in Egypt, He also moved to Egypt. It seems that the Israeli family held a vast territory in the northern Nile delta.Although there are found out the name "Yaqob-her" or "Yaqob-aam" in Hyksos pharaos of the 15th, 16th dynasty, probably, the name of "Jacob" seemed to be so common as the races of the Semites often have, so they are not the same persons as Jacob-Israel. The Twelve Tribes of Israel came out from his 12 sons.

Twelve Tribes of Israel

The descendants of Jacob's 10 boys, Reuben, Simeon, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Benjamin, Dan, Naphtali, Gad and Asher and the descendants of Ephraim and Manasseh, sons of Joseph, the youngest boy of Jacob. The descendant of Levy, the 3rd son of Jacob, is the only tribe who can manage religious service, and is supposed specially that it must not be registered together with the other Israelis.

Joseph

Jacob's youngest son.In the the period of 18th Dynasty, he was sold to Egypt as a slave. It is said that he was cared to the pharao, succeeded in life and called the whole his family, his parents and brothers to Egypt. However, Joseph died and it seems that the Israeli family was treated coldly when it became in the 19th (Ramesses) Dynasty.

Jews

Originally in the Roman Empire Israel was named "Judea". It means "Land of Judah". The name of Judah originates in the meaning "Yahu's Dalet (the fourth of Yahu)". It is because Judah was the fourth son of Jacob. In addition, the word "the Jew is synonymous with the Judaist. However, Jacob-Israel's posterity, "the genuine Jews = Israelites" is the nation which existed in the Greek-Roman-Byzantine age, and has almost dispersed and disappeared.The Judaists and the Jewish people who sympathize with Judaism and Juwish life exist.Among these, although those who have the nationality of the Israel Republic are today's "Israelis", some Israelis are also Christian and Muslim.

Yahweh, Yahveh

Also Jehovah. From "Yahu" or "Yaw", one of the Gods of Levant which the Semites believed,. However, not like Baal and Astarte etc., there are no traces that it was believed on a grand scale throughout the Middle East.

Moreover, it might not be long historically, for it does not have any proper myths. That is, probably it is a foreign god of the newer period.It is recorded first in the Amarna tablets of the 15th century B.C. and refered as "the God of Shasu". "Shasu" means the nomads such as the Ishmaelites and the Midianites etc. The nomads of Levant were engaged in commerce and went around Egypt and Palestine. That is, probably it was also a God of commerce and travel.

It is considered that the origin of Yahu is Mycenaean Zeus. Zeus originates "Dyeu (sky-mountain God of the Indo-European)" This became blunt phonologically with "Dyeu>Yeu>Yau>Yaw>Yahu>Yahwu>Yahweh". Yahveh which appeared with thunder and lightning in Sinai has the remarkable character as a mountain, a thunder or a sky God. In addition, it is Hermes that is called the God of commerce in Greek Mythology. But, it is after the Dorian people governed Greece in the 12th century B.C. that Hermes became independent as a god of Olympus. Around 1500 B.C. the mycenaean ruined the Minoan of Crete and grasped the hegemony of the East Mediterranean. They trafficked with the Levant people actively. For the Greek of those days, Levant was "Ethiopia", which the people from the Mycenaean islands visited to trade. Since the nomads bore the overland commerce, they were in contact with the Mycenaean culture through the commercial transaction. Soon, although Yahu and Baal were violently opposed to each other, maybe as a result of the racial conflicts of risk and profit, Yahu was beaten by Baal which was the main Canaanite god, and cultized in faith. It may be the conclusion of Yahweh's having been isolated from the surrounding polytheism system because of the anti-Baal character that the Yahveh faith became monotheistic. Seemingly Moses touched the cult of Yahu faith in Midian. Probably, the father of Zipporah whom Moses invited to his wife was the priest of the Yahu cult. Zipporah means "little bird". The sky god Yahu and a bird were related. Yahu was Zeus, and since it was originally a mountain god, in coming out of Egypt, Moses was always led by the volcano and also received the Ten Commandments in Sinai. Yahu faith opposed the persecution by overwhelming predominance of Baal faith, survived as esotericism, then the name of God was kept secret as "YHWH" or "Tetragrammaton". Jesus Christ hated the character as a commercial god of Yahweh. Although the Yahveh's character as a mountain God became thin, the character as a sky god and a commercial god is inherited by the present-day Jews.

Tetragrammaton

In Greek "The Four Characters". It is Yahveh's name "YHWH" or "YHVH".

Moses

The founder of Judaism. Although the Hebrew baby had been put in the papyrus basket and thrown away to kill to the Nile River because of the order of the pharao, the daughter of the pharao found the basket in the border of the Nile River, and the boy was specially cared as her son. After becoming an adult, Moses got angry with the hebrew being discriminated, and murdered a Egyptian. He escaped from Egypt to the land of Midian, and after 40 years passed, he received the revelation from Yahweh, then he returned to Egypt, and took out the Israeli from Egypt to the promised land. He received the Ten Commandments in Sinai on the way. The first 5 Books of Old Testament (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) were named "Pentateuch (Moses' Five Writings)" or "Torah".

Mt. Sinai

The mountain where Moses received the Ten Commandments from the Lord Yahweh. The St. Catherine Monastery is on its foot. Actually it is not known that Mt. Sinai is in the mountains of the Sinai Peninsula in present Egypt. Moreover, there are other views that it is somewhere else in the Arabian Peninsula from the volcanic depictions "the Lord was in fire" etc. For although Mt. Sinai may have been a volcano once, there have been no traces that it erupted in the historic age. Along the Red Sea in the Arabian Peninsula and from Jordan to Syria, some volcanoes exist and there are also proofs of eruption. That it has another name "Horeb" also suggests this view.

Ten Commandments

The 10 orders which Moses received from Yahweh. They were described to the both sides of the 2 tablets. Moses got enraged at the Israeli's worshipping a golden calf, and smashed the first tablets. It is said that the second tablets have been put in "the Arc of the Covenant".

Temple Mount

Also Moriah.The place which was the threshing floor of a Jebusite.David was tempted by Satan, disobeying the order of God, and counted the number of the Jews (Only God can count it.).Therefore, since the anger of God has been incurred, David was obligated to build the house of God there as compensation.The Jebusite man was willing to offer his land to David gratuitously.However, David bought it in silver 50 (600) shekels, saying "It is nonsense".It is because Yahweh strictly prohibits that the Jews offer the possessions of the gentiles to God gratuitously.David entrusted the construction of the Temple to his son, Salomon, and died.According to the will of David, Salomon built the Temple and dedicated the treasures including the Arc of the Covenant (the First Temple).Since the first Temple was destroyed and plundered by Nebuchadnezzar the 2nd of Babylonia in the 6th century B.C., the Arc has been missing.Although the Second Temple was rebuilt under occupation of Achaemenid Persia, it was destroyed by the Roman in the Jewish War.Since the Judaists was forbidden access to the city in the Byzantine period, the mount was made into the outskirts of the city.West Wall is a part of the ramparts of the city in the Roman-Byzantine period.The Muslim has occupied it in the 7th century till today.

Sadducees

Pharisees

Essenes

Zealots

Qumran group

Monk

According to Josephus, there were many monks in Judea in the 1st century.He himself trained with one of the monks."The teacher of righteousness" of the Qumran group and John the Baptist belonged to them. 

Jewish War

The independent fights of the Jews against the Roman Empire. The primary (66-70) and the secondary (132-135 Bar Kokhba's revolt). Kitos War (115-117) may be added. In 44, after death of Herod Agrippa, Judea was annexed by the Roman Empire. Although the nationalists and the Zealots of Judea caused the riots against the rule of the Empire, they were suppressed. Although it is believed that after the second war the Jews were banished from Jerusalem and dispersed as the Diaspora, in fact many of them remained in Palestine. It is especially in the periods of the Christianization by the Byzantine Empire and the Crusade when the Jews were systematically banished from Palestine.

Minoan civilization

The civilization which the Minoan people built. They were the first sea traders who dominated the Mediterranean sea. It is unknown whether they were Caucasoid (European) or Orientoid (Oriental). Since They do not seem to have been the Greek at least, probably it is the latter.

Mycenaean civilization

The civilization which the Mycenaean people built. The Mycenaean were a group of the Achaean Greek. On the base of Mycenae on the Argos plain in Peloponnesos, they conquered the Minoan civilization, grasped the real power of the sea trade, and commanded the Hellenic with the wealth obtained by the commerce.

Sea People

The pirates who attacked the whole East Mediterranean district around 1200 B.C. In the records of Egypt, they were the allied people.It seems that the leaders were the Greek people and they had commanded the other races. The Mycenaean Dynasty lost the centripetal force for the internal troubles after the Trojan War about 1250 B.C. Supposedly because of the exhaustion after the expedition to Troy, the cities in Greece found out the way in piratical pillage acts and conquestic colonization activities. By their attacks the nations of the Mediterranean coast suffered the big damages and the racial movements were caused. The Exodus of the Israeli by Moses also had such a historical backbone.

Hellenism

The meaning of "Greek style". "Hellenes" means "the People of Helen", i.e., "the Greek". Helen was a son of Deukalion who survived the deluge, and the Greek Three Tribes, the Dorian, Ionian, and Aeolian descended from him. The word "Greece" originates in Latin "Grecia", but "Hellenes" formally. Although Hellenism generally means the civilization and culture influenced by the Classical and Hellenic Greek one, 3 centuries from after the expedition by Alexander the Great to the unification by the Roman in the East Mediterranean world are especially called "Hellenistic period". But the Romans loved the Greek culture so much extraordinarily, Hellenism was inherited into the Roman imperial period, and was held till the 5th century when it was turned down as paganism by the spread of Christianity. Moreover, also in the medieval times, Hellenism remained in the Byzantine Empire, is also studied in the Arabic area, and it re-flew into Western Europe, and revived as Renaissance. The Hellenistic period was leading directly to the age of the Advent of Jesus Christ, and Hellenism had also permeated Israel and Palestine strongly. Therefore, it is considered that in the background of the Birth of Jesus Christ there is Hellenism with Hebraism.

Virgin Goddess worship

Goddess worship which the inhabitants of the Caucasoids (Europeans) held from the Aegean Sea coast and the Black Sea coast in present Turkey to Greece and Italy. As a typical goddess, Artemis, Diana, Athena etc. In ancient Orient, it is the imaginary goddess of fertility and productivity and had unchastity in character, making love with many male gods and human men one after another, giving birth the various phenomina to diversify and complicate the world. The representations are Ishtar, Astarte, Aphrodite, and Venus. Although such two opposite goddess worships were compatible, Virgin Goddess worship became extensive more dominantly in Hellenism.

Underworld worship

The ancient Greek believed in the underworld, the other world after death. It is "Happy Island (Makaron Nesoi)" or "Elysion (Elysium)" where the dead live carefreely, but nothing more than the extension of this world, and it did not suggest that the next world was the higher world.However, when it became the Hellenistic age, arose a faith that the other world, producing the own raison d'etre,should rule this one from behind. And, although the ruler of the underground was the Man-god called Hades or Pluton, he got stripped his existence with the times, and the underground deteriorated in the world which a great mother goddess sways.

Great Mother Goddess worship

The faith that the Mother goddess of the ground is the ruler of the other world.Originally, although the ground was the goddess called Gaia, it lacked concreteness. Demeter, the fertility goddess was related with the other world by the luck of going to look for her daughter Persephone who was kidnaped by Hades, and the Mother goddess established the position as a ruler of the other world gradually. Demeter has been identified with Isis in Egypt and set up as the ruler of not only this world but all the world. The center of Great Mother Goddess worship was Eleusis, Greece.

Bisexual God worship

The idea that a single bisexial god formed the world independently was made in the Hellenistic period against the view of the world of formation by the marriages of the goddess with the gods and men and the breeding. That is the breakaway to the explanation of the independent creation by the bisexual god from the myth of the sacred marriages and productions of the firtility goddess. Mise of Orphism, Serapis which the Ptolemaic Dynasty deified, Hermaphrodite (Hermaphroditos) with whom Hermes and Aphrodite united are the representatives.

Elemental God worship

In the ancient times, all the human worshiped nature and this is seen in many places of the world till today. But the ancient Greek watched nature as something elemental and mechanical, not as something unreasonable.In the Hellenistic period, the Greek regarded nature as something unitary and organic and imagined the mono deity Pan (All).

Idyllicism

The literature developed focusing on a shepherd is called "idyll". The Babylonian looked on a shepherd with a special feeling first. The nomadic tribes of Babylonia despised the farming people who bred cows and pigs. No livestock is more useful than sheep in this world. It is gentle, obedient, easy to breed, so productive to increase immediately, and is a light eater compared with goats, pigs, or cows. Its fur becomes garments, its meat is edible,its milk becomes cheese and it does not become useless. It is just for the nomadism in a severe arid region like Orient. For the patriarchs of the nomads, it was the first request to be "good shepherd" and the highest honor to be reputed so. The sheep is also the symbol of wealth, and those who keep much sheep turned into the ruler of the nomadic people. This shepherd belief in the Orient or Babylonia got across also to Europe. In the Hellenistic period, the shepherd of the Babylonia (Chaldea) was also given a character of the astrologist of Zoroastrianistic Magi.

Pythagoreanism

Philosophy which Pythagoras founded. Pythagoras is said to have used first the word "philosophy".It is the first objective idealism.

Platonism

Philosophy which Plato founded. Idealism is the core of it. Platonic idealism is called objective idealism presupposing the reality of ideological phenomena. Plato was approaching monotheism late in life.

Metaphysics

The field which Aristotle created. It studies the spiritual world (idealistic world), not the physics which researches the phenomena in the material world. Aristotle caught God with the only mover (Thinking Itself), and reached monotheism metaphysically.

Pax Romana

The fundamentally peaceful dominance from the 1st century to the 5th century when the Roman Empire unified the Mediterranean world. Especially from the 1st century to the 3rd century, the best days of the Roman Empire. It is also the period when Jesus Christ was born and the foundation of the Church was completed.

World Empire

The regional nation which reigns over the various districts which differs from each other comprehensively and systematically in the civilizations and the cultures, such as the races, the nationalities, the lifestyles, the tradition, the faith, and the language. World state (Cosmopolis).

Although it is a developed form of a city state or a territory nation, in not only political and economical unity but idealistic one, it has a special compatriotism in it characteristically. Therefore, since the Oriental empires, such as Babylonia, Egypt, Assyria, and Persia, lacked an idealistic unity, they were not the world empires. The first world empire was the Hellenistic Empire built by Alexander the Great.

In the territory, although the Hellenistic Empire inherited the Greek trade areas and the Persian empire, idealistically, it was using the sense of value of Greek-Macedonian as the main pillar. Although the Hellenistic Empire collapsed soon after Alexander's death, his ideal was inherited by the Roman. The Roman succeeded in forming idealistic unification of the world, i.e., the universe, with extending the Roman citizenship. The ideal of Rome was inherited by the Byzantine Empire which set Christianity as the idealistic core. In Orient, the Arabian (Saracenic) Empire turned into a world empire by formation of Islam.

Although some vast empires appeared in China and Mongolia, since they had no idealistic cores, they are not a world empire. In Europe, since the Germanic peoples had rebounding to the centralized government, they were not able to form a world empire. The Napoleonic Empire and the Third Empire (Nazi) are the unification by the oppressive military rule, and no compatriotism was not produced.

If European Union (EU) be successful, it could become the first world empire in whole Europe, but probably, there would be full of difficulties. The Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China are (were) also world empires which have (had) the core of Marxism or communism (Stalinism, Maoism). Today, the expectation to a world empire is not as great as once. Because although a world empire cannot but become centralized, there are no demands to such a powerful government.

Apostle

Our Lord Jesus Christ selected 12 apostles.They are called the Twelve Apostles especially.Although the others who accompanied Him may be also included, the Twelve Apostles are usually pointed out.

And the gospel must first be published among aii nations.(Mar 13:10)

Peter

His real name is Simon. Peter means "rock". The nickname which Jesus Christ attached him became a proper noun. The first pupil of Jesus Christ. He was earnest and physically tough and brave. He was the first of the Twelve, and told to build the churches and support the believers by Jesus Christ. He was martyred in Rome. If by the same cross as Jesus Christ, it keeps in awe, so it is said that he wished he would be executed on the upside-down cross. The first Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. He carries the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven. The Basilica of San Pietro (St. Peter) of Vatican is built on the tomb of Peter.

Pope

The title of the St. Peter's successors. In the meaning of "father", it is called also "Papa". He is the top leader of the Roman Catholic who are said 1 billions in the world. He should have been the paramount authority also politically in medieval Europe, but caused quite heavy frictions with the world power with establishment of the absolute monarchy. Since separation of religion and politics is taken in many countries nowadays, there is no direct influential voice. However, the psychic influence on the Catholics is still greatest.It might be for fear that the Papal power reaches the people because Christianity was forbidden in Japan.

Andrew

Peter's younger brother.He and Peter were fishmen in Capernaum.It is said that he spread and became a martyr for Britannia (Britain, Ireland).

James

Son of Zebedee.John's older brother.In order to distinguish from Jacob, Thaddaeus's older brother, he is called "James the Greater".Jesus Christ named the brothers of Jacob and John "Boanerges (the children of thunder)".It is said that he spread and became a martyr for Espana (Spain).

Philip

His tomb is located in Turkey, Hierapolis the entrance city of Pamukkale.

Bartholomew

It is said that he spread and became a martyr for Armenia.

Thomas

Didymus (twins).Since he did not believe in the Resurrection only by hearing a talk, Jesus Christ showed the scar of the flank stabbed by Longinus.So, he is titled "the Doubter" a little dishonorablly.It is said that he spread and became a martyr for India.

Jacob

Son of Alpheus. James the Less.

Thaddaeus

His name is Lebbeus.It is said that he spread and became a martyr for Persia.

Simon

Zealot.In KJV a Canaanite.

Judas of Iscariot

At 30 Silver coins he sold Jesus Christ to the authority.He repented too late and hanged himself.

Matthias

He was in charge of the lot and added to the Twelve Apostles instead of Judas of Iscariot.

Paul

His real name is Saul.He had persecuted the Christians as a strong defender of the Pharisees.He was reformed, struck by the Beam of Jesus Christ.

Apostolic Church Fathers

The direct pupils of the Twelve Apostles and the Apostles of a wide sense.Luke and Marco the Evangelists, and Saul Paul and others are added to the Apostles of a wide sense and not called the Apostolic Church Fathers.Ignatius who raised the authority of the Church, Polycarp who was John's pupil and so on.

Church Fathers

Those who contributed to establishment of the doctrine of Christianity from the middle of the 2nd century to the 5th century.They were familiar with Greek philosophy and contributed to formation of theology.Irenaeus who refuted the gnostic groups, Athanasius who compiled Trinity into one book, Chrysostom (Chrysostomus) who exerted himself for nationalization of Christianity, Jerome(Hieronymus) who did the Latin translation of the Bible, Augustine (Augustinus) who completed the Church Father philosophy.

Persecution

It is said that the Roman Empire authorities had an instinctive dislike of Christianity because the Christians refused the emperor worship stubbornly.Probably, for the authorities which did not accept Jesus Christ as God, Jesus Christ worship was wholly the insult to the emperor or the criticism to the imperial regime.

Moreover, although the ceremony of the Lord's Supper (Agape) was held with wine, in the empire, Dionysos (Bacchus) worship was forbidden bacause it disturbed public morals, and possibly there were also slanders that among the Christians sexual perversions and human sacrifices were performed.It seems that although the Jews lived also in various places of the empire, they had been escaped the persecution for official loyalty to the emperor except the fundamentalists like the Zealots.Rather, in the early stages of Christianity, the Judaists (the Pharisees and the Sadduccees) were possibly supporting the persecution, for the Christians were the target of their intense hatred.

The official persecution was started by Nero.Nero was eager for self-deification.Then, the persecution was continued in the 2nd and 3rd century intermittently and its content was also escalated.There were held cruel shows in which the believers were given to tigers and lions in the coliseums.St. Ignatius was also referred to have been the victim of the savage beasts in Colosseo.

However, in spite of having developed of the cruel persecutions as this, it is wonderful that Christianity permeated the noble class of the empire.At least in the governing class, the Christians did not survive at all with the intense persecution in the early days of the Tokugawa Dynasty in Japan.This difference may have been caused, because the social stability and prosperity was secured in the Edo period in Japan.The Roman Empire was exhausted in fighting with the Germanic tribes and the people of Parthian Persia, got confused politically and economically, and was collapsing.

Martyrdom

Death with keeping faith.The Crucifixion of Jesus Christ is also a martyrdom and is the model which shows the way how Christians should be and do.In the situation of the frictions with the other religions and the persecutions by the Roman Empire, like the Twelve and other Apostles, the Apostolic Church Fathers and the Church Fathers, many Christians became martyrs.It is the highest mission and the most glorious credit for Christians to sacrifice themselves for faith.It is supposed that all the last Christians have to become martyrs also in the End of the world (the Final Martyrdom).For the martyrs, the eternal grace is guaranteed, and for the apostates, the eternal punishment is dedicated.Montmartre of Paris is "the hill of martyrdom", the mount where St. Denis (Dionysius) was martyred.

Diocletian

The Roman Emperor who performed the last and the largest Christian persecution in the imperial history.However, his ambition suffered a setback and he was driven into retirement.

Edict of Milan

The imperial edict which is supposed for Constantine the Great to have emitted in 313.There is no corroborations of actually having been promulgated in the form of an imperial edict.Moreover, in the record told, it has the content of allowing the freedom of faith to all the religion not only Christianity but Judaism etc.However, no doubt that Christianity was in the mind of Constantine.With this, The Roman Empire was Christianized quickly and the directivity of the European civilization was determined.

The Roman Empire after the official recognition of Christianity is called the Byzantine Empire.It is because the imperial political functions were moved from Rome to Byzantium (Constantinople).Moreover, although the Five Patriarchs were put on the church of Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch, Constantinople and Rome, the Byzantine emperors had the appointive power of them not only politically but religiously.The Roman Catholic strengthened the independency from the hierarchical church of the emperor, and separated it later.

Constantine the Great, Constantinus Magnus

The first Christian Emperor. It is said that he saw the vision of Holy Cross shining under the sun before the fight for the imperial hegemony in 312.In the fight of the Milvian Bridge built over the Tiber River in the north of Rome, he defeated the overwhelming army of Maxentius and returned to Rome in triumph.He was baptized in his last moments.The body must have been buried in Hagia Sophia (St. Sophia) of Constantinople.Constantine the Great and Charlemagne (Charles the Great) are recognized the greatest persons for rendering distinguished services to establishment and defense of the Christendom of Europe.

Labarum

The golden emblem which Constantine the Great let made thankful to Jesus Christ.It is what "��-��(chi-rho)", the monogram of Jesus Christ was modeled and became the official flag of the Byzantine emperor after that.

Justinian the Great, Justinianus Magnus

The Byzantine Emperor in the 6th century.He was the restorer of the empire.He rebuilt today's Hagia Sophia.Theodora the Empress is said to have been a daughter of a tamer of savage beasts, and a prostitute.

Monastery

The meaning of "solitude".In Egypt and Syria, there was a life style in which they lived an monastic life in the wilderness.In Europe, the first monastery is Montecassino which St. Benedict founded in the 6th century.Later, a nunnery was developed.

Order

The management sector of a monastery.It has developed as the monastery was organized.The management sector of a nunnery is a convent.

Crusade

The expedition for recapture of the Holy Land by the Christendom of Europe.Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher by the Fatimid Dynasty of Egypt in 1009 became the direct trigger of the crusade.The actions of violence by Al-Hakim increased fear and hatred to Arab-Islam in the European society.The 1st crusade captured Jerusalem in 1099 and established the Jerusalem Kingdom.The 4th one in 1204 plundered Constantinople by Venetian conspiracy to hegemonize the Meditteranean trade.

Knight

Also Cavalier.To become a knight came to be made into the ideal with rise of the Crusade fever.He was eager in pledging his loyalty to the Papacy, keeping single, living to faith of Christianity, exceling in fencing and horsemanship and offering platonic love to a lady.The lady was noble usually, and it was a love game rather than realistic love.The knight's activities are idealized as chivalry in poetry and literature, connected to the legend of Holy Grail.The knights, though many of whom were ruffians, hooligans and vagabonds actually, had the popularity as a kind of picaresque.

Holy Grail

The cup imagined to have been received Jesus' blood on the Crucifixion.Sometimes the cup which Jesus Christ used in the Last Supper (Holy Chalice).Joseph Arimathea brought it to Britannia supposedly, and it was connected to the legend of King Auther.There are other Holy Relics, "Holy Spear (Lance)", "Holy Shroud" and so on.For royalty and nobility of the Middle age, the Holy Relics was thought the promises of the eternal prosperity and were the big motif of the crusade expedition.

King Arthur

British King (King of the Britons) supposedly at the end of the 5th century.In the medieval times, he is connected to the legend of Holy Grail, and handed down from generation to generation until the present age.According to the opinion which affirms the reality of King Arthur, (1) After the Roman Empire abandoned Britannia and withdrew in the 5th century, he was the Christian king or leader. (2) He fought with the pagan Anglo-Saxon people who invaded from the continent follwing the Roman withdrawal. (3) He met the tragic last moment by the betrayal of his subject and family.

Britons

Gaullic (Celtic) people who lived from southern Britain (Britannia) to the Brittany district of France.It seems that they took in the Roman culture and mixed with the Romans under the rule of the Roman Empire.They were Christianized with the Romans and it is said that they resisted the Anglo-Saxon invasion violently.It is because of his having fought with the pagan invaders that the legend of King Arthur was made into the representation of the knight literature.They were absorbed in the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxon people and the establishment of their rule organization.

Military Order

Military religious order.The members of it are the knights, i.e., the soldiers.It is positioned as the armed religious order under the direct control of the Papacy.There were also small-scale orders, besides Knights Hospitalers, Knights Templars (the St. John Knights Hospitalers), and Teutonic Knights.Nowadays, there are a large number of common orders.

Knights Templars

It was founded for the defense of the Holy Land."Temple" means the Temple Mount (Mt. Moriah) of Jerusalem.It grew up quickly through the crusade days to obtain immense territory and treasure.It was abolished by French king Philip the 4th in 1312.As the reason, supposedly there were the discord with the sovereignty, the heretical suspicion, the property of the order, etc.

Knights Hospitallers The Order of Hospitallers

Also the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem.It was engaged in the escort, the remittance, and the medical service for the pilgrims visiting Holy Land.Even after Holy Land fell, it worked on the base of Cyprus, Rhodes, etc.It is called Knights of Malta after moving the base to Malta.Although Malta was taken by Napoleon, it moved to Rome and it is working now.

Teutonic Order

It was recognized officially in Germany in 1199.Although modeled on Knights Hospitalers, the exploitation and the propagation to the northern Europe became a main purpose.Still now, it is working focusing on the charity.

Reformation

Historically, is considered as the start of Reformation "Luther's 95 Theses" in 1517.It was a religious criticism to the state of the Catholic Church, connected with the common class struggle, resulting into the wars and the confusions.the Protestant groups deserted Catholicism.

Counter-Reformation

The reformation which the Catholic church performed against the Reformation.

Fundamentalism, Fundamentalists

The position which tries to be faithful to the doctrine and the sacred scriptures. Although often mixed up with extremism, many fundamentalists do not admit extremism.

Extremism, Extremists

Among Fundamentalism, a standpoint which achieves the self insistence by violence and subversive activities as the primary means.

Holy War

In Christianity, it means a war justified evangelically. Wars are not avoidable in the created world until the End when Evangel is accomplished, though it is sure that Evangel contains no wars originally because the principle of Evangel is love. In a word, Evangel is unfinished as long as the powers that disregard or neglect Evangel exist, so confrontations and fights between the Evangelic and the Anti-Evangelic are inevitable in this world.

In Christianity, there are three great causes of the war. One is Evangel (the divine laws, jus divinum). A war justified in Evangel is generally called a holy war. Next is the rules (the human laws). The validity is mortgaged by being performed according to the rules that the humans decide. Final is the profits. The wars for the profits of a nation and a people are at least justified for the nation and the people. The first standard is a religious standard, and the 2nd and 3rd standards are a worldly standard. Evangel, the rules and the profits are ordered in priority. Therefore, there are eight wars.

In Christianity, an unconditional holy war is permitted only to Christ and heavenly beings (angels etc.) that receive the intention of Christ. For instance, at the second coming, Christ defeats the evil troops. Because Evangel excels any rule and profit, it is just in any meaning, and any creatuers cannot fight it duly. This war transcends any legal and profitable evaluation.

Nevertheless, the authority of an unconditional holy war is not given to the human beings. For instance, a defensive war against the anti-Evangelic sects and the Antichristian powers, which is acted by the Christians to keep faith. Christianity is not a principle of nonresistance. It is suicidal that the Christians deny Evangel. It is then because it is abandonment of faith and breach of the Covenant. Jesus teaches, "Love your enemies", but "Enemies" do not include "Anti-Evangelic beings". That is, Satan, the devils and their group should not be loved.

Next, there are wars that might be justified in the rules and the profits, though they are not just in Evangel. For instance, wars for defense and independence against the illegal invasion and occupation. The confrontations between Catholicism and Protestantism were justified by law or profit, though they were the anti-Evangelic fights by the Christians. These are called "just war". Because defense and independence is a natural right for the nation and the people by law or profit. It is permittable, and the chance of atonement is not missed, though it is a crime in Evangel. A just war shows sinfulness of the humans.

No wars would be better than any peace. But any win should be better than any loss. For a war is a crime, but a defeat is much worse. Finally, there are wars not justified in Evangel and law. For instance, wars as a business for invasion, plunder, and exploitation. The Christians nor the Muslims have been without relation to such wars.
It is difficult how is to be dealt with the case that the other party insists on the holy war. It should be decided by the own belief whether to oppose such a war, not by the insistence of the other party. That is, it is an autonomical judgment what countercheck should be taken, whether the other party insists on the holy war or not.
In addition, Evangel does not denote what forces are contained in a war.

Kirishitan

Old name of Christianity and Christians (from Portuguese "cristao"). Catholic was taught by Francis Xavier and others about the middle of the 16th century. (Jesuit) Christianity spread in all parts of Japan from Kyushu in tens of years. (Christian daimyos) However, suppression to Christianity was started by the Toyotomi Government at the end of the 16th century. (Edict of expelling the missionaries, Martyrdom of the 26 Saints) Christianity was formally forbidden by the Tokugawa government. (Anti-Christian edict) Persecution intensified after the Shimabara Rebellion and continued to the Meiji Era. (Inquisition) For about 300 years, the Christians had been exposed, and had been forced to apostatize by torture, and more than half of them had become martyrs. (Collapse) This severe long persecution is equal to the persecution under the Roman Empire. The martyrs were justly owners of the noblest and bravest Yamato spirit.

On the other hand, there were also not a few those who kept faith secretly, having apostatized publicly and pretending to be Buddhists. (Crypto-Kirishitan) When Christianity was authorized in the Meiji Era, many of the crypto-Kirishitans returned to Catholic. However, there were also those had syncretized with Shintoism or Buddhism and had been impossible to return to Christianity. (Detached Kirishitan) Nowadays, we call "Kirishitans" both the crypto-Kirishitans of the persecution age and the detached Kirishitans of the later times. kirishitan culture is seldom known even in Japan, but it awaits future research.

Martyr Basuchan

It is due to great evangelist, prophet and martyr Basuchan (?-c.1660) for the crypto-Christians in Nagasaki to have kept on faith. Basuchan (baptismal name Sebastian) encouraged the believers in the time of Christian hunting after the Shimabara Rebellion and taught them faith, hiding himself in the heart of the mountains.
His predictions are as follows,
1. You shall be my children for seven generations, but it will become hard for you to save your anima (soul).
2. Konhesoros (Fathers who will listen to confession) will come by big black ship. So you can go to konhison (confession) every week.
3. It will come the time when you can walk anywhere, singing Christian songs in a loud voice.
4. Zenchos (pagans) will come to yield a way, when they see you walking.
He predicted that the Faith to Jesus Christ will be freed after 7 generations (250 years), fathers will come from foreign countries, God can be openly praised, and Japan will be evangelized in the future. Because of these, crypto-Christians held faith encouragedly.

The Devils and The Heresies

Satan

It is considered the boss of the devilish.It is said that the origin of a word "Satan" is "opposer".The true character is "light". It is the creature "Ether" or "the celestial", not "Heaven" as the Paradise. Heaven as the Paradise, which is the divine area and a part of God, does not degenerate. The Ether is a sky as a spirit, and in China and Japan it is called "Air". The spirits have their will and can be degenerated. In the Revelatiion, it is called "the Dragon". But this is a metaphor.

Dragon

Originally a dragon is a crocodile. In the ancient times, it was thought that it was a young body and grew a flying one. In Europe where Christianity has spread, the dragon is disliked as a devilish symbol, but in Asia as India, China and Japan, it is one of holy creatures. Nevertheless in some regions of Europe it is a good creature. This is an influence of the legends of the Sarmatians and the Magyars who immigrated from the Central Asia.

In China and Japan the Sexagenary cycle (the traditional calendar) is used. And some babies, born in the year of Dragon, are named with "Dragon (Ryu, Tatsu)". But the Christian families may not do so. Of course, it is no problem for people named with Dragon to go to Christian faith.

Lucifer

The degenerated Helel the spirit of light. He hates those who shine than him. Therefore, he hates the Creator Lord Jesus Christ in the position of createdness.There is a proverb "be most careful of the most shining".The dichotomy of "light = good, dark = wrong" is not always exact.Since the good and the wrong are in light and darkness, the reality is difficult.In addition, Lucifer, the title called "the morning star" is Gabriel's title confused with Helel later.That is, Lucifer is not a devil in fact.

Spirit, Ghost

Also "Ghost". A ideal created being that has will. In the created beings, there are the material ones and the non-material ones. In addition, there are the ones that have will and the ones that do not have will.

Material creatures include the creatures without will as the natural beings and the ones with will as the humans, etc. Will is an ability to be worth contracting God, which only the humans have on the earth. In the space, there are other higher forms of life that have will. However, it is only the humans that contracted God.

In the non-material creatures, there are the spirits with will and the created beings without will called as ideas, concepts and imaginations. Everything that the humans think or imagine by the brain is created by God, and as plato claimed, that the humans think something is that they recall something, that they find out the ideas created by God. The spirits were created corresponding to the material creatures. It is because God and the angels can influence the material with thinking. It is thought that the spirits are far more than the material created beings, for they exist corresponding to the materials and exist exceeding the materials.

The ideal creatures also take part in material creatures through thinking. For instance, a thinker goes better when he holds a good idea, and worse when a bad idea. The Holly Spirit is being that God idealized Himself with His Almighty, and It went into Mary's thinking to make her got pregnant. It is difficult to explain this mechanism in physiology, and it is suitable for calling the miracle.

Moreover, the ideas and the materials without will can be changed according to the spirits. For instance, the idea "a" of the material exists if a certain material "A" exists. And, the spirits "#a" exists if the idea "a" exists. This spirit "#a" has will, and influences the physical structure of the material "A" through the idea "a". For instance, when the spirit "#a" is changed into the spirit "#a' ", the idea "a" also can be changed into the idea "a' " and the material "A" into "A' " too. This principle was used when Christ changed water into wine. That is, the water changed into the wine in replacing the spirit of water with the spirit of wine. Christ was able to walk on the Sea of Galilee moreover because He temporarily changed the character of the water (not freezing) by manipulating the spirit of the water. However, only God and some angels (Archangels etc.) make it possible to change and replace the spirits as so free.

The spirits are often confused with the souls. However, the souls are material and not ideal, though they are not perceivable with usual sense. The life is the being united of the soul and the body, and when the soul of a Christian loses the body, it is led to Heaven by an angel. In Christianity, so-called a phantom is a soul not led to Heaven for some reason or other, and wandering about the space it enters another body or fall into Hell sooner or later. This is not true immortality, though immortality of the soul means such a reincarnation. Because the soul is judged as a created being at the End. The soul becomes immortal through all eternity only after it ascends to Heaven. The renewal of life or the Regeneration is that the soul arrives at the area of the Creator, that is, the Paradise and is reborn.

The spirits are also confused with the "divine beings". In the ancient times, polytheism was main currents for the spirits were confused with the gods. It is because the ancient people were not able to recognize the unique deity, the Creator. In addition, it was thought that there were gods and fairies, etc. in the spirits. Therefore, the myths of polytheism are complex, filled with contradictions incomprehensively.

Moreover, the spirits are different from the angels. The angels are the intermediate creatures of the ideas and the materials. The angels need to come and go freely in both the material and non-material world because they should reflect the divine intentions all over the created world. Therefore, the angels can live with and without the body, and unlike the spirits, can work to the materials not only through thinking but directly.

The spirits is called, "Qi ( Air or Energy )", and the technique for manipulating it is called "Qigong ( Energy Cultivation )" in China and Japan. This is the technique to improve the health condition of the soul and the body through the idea, and the one in which the function of the spirits is used. It is an action of the spirit in a wide meaning that the state of the soul and the body improves with good faith. Christ and the Apostles also used working of the spirits to heal the sick men. Never more than God, the saints and the angels, the humans can also influence the material objects through the spirits. For instance, A skillful goldsmith can give a work special excellence by appealing to the spirits of the gold. This is a result of not only a technical action but a mental one. The ancient Celtics had such a sophisticated cultivation.

Because the spirits also has the intention, they might degenerate, though they usually act by thinking of God and the angels. The degenerated spirits become wicked creatures as well as the fallen angels. Therefore, the devils have three types, what the angels degenerated, what the spirits degenerated, and the humans degenerated. In literature, Satan and Lucifer (Helel) are drawn as the fallen angels, but they are the fallen spirits in reality.

Demon

A degenerated spirit which is taken or possessed by Satan or a devil. "Unclean spirit" or just "Uncleanness". It is a misunderstanding to call Satan or the devils themselves "demons" in total. Satan and the devils take advantage of our faithlessness or unbelievingness, and invade our spirit. Since a spirit cannot go to Heaven if it turns into an demon, it wanders about the world after death. And a demon sometimes takes a good spirit. Demons dislike a cross and a church.

Exorcism

To remove Satan, a devil or a demon which takes a spirit. That is, purification of an evil spirit. "Spirit-warding" or "Spirit-cleaning" is a case of a demon's taking, but it is often mixed up. Christ removed the unclean spirits by moving them to the pigs. Since Christ gave a power against unclean spirits to the Apostles, it is an ability indispensable to the cleric. That is, clerics are all exorcists. Naturally, the better is a cleric, the stronger is his power of exorcism. However, this power is externally authorized by Jesus Christ, and so it is not individually inner. This power will also become weaker as faith becomes weaker. Few can practice exorcism, even if he is not a cleric.
Exorcism has declined with progress of medicine and psychology in the 20th century. However, in recent years, it has been reappraised, and then Catholic Orthodox and Protestant practice it.

666 (Six hundred threescore and six)

(Chi-xi-exi).The Greek expressed numbers with the letters ��(Chi = 600), ��(xi = 60), *(exi = 6).Some misunderstand it is "6, 6, 6 (three 6s)", but exactly it is "666 (six hundreds and sixty six)". The beast which appears from the sea in The Revelation has the name on the head. It has 7 heads, 10 horns with 10 crowns, its figure is similar to a leopard. It has "the number of the beast", i.e.,"the number of a man".In the End of the world, it sways the world temporarily, the power and authority granted by Dragon.

This dragon is not Satan.It is because there are two things into which the spirit of the heaven the first creature and the spirits of the earth the second creature were degenerated. That is, the corrupt the spirit of heaven is the dragon and the corrupt spirit of the earth is this beast. Anyway, many people will fear and worship this beast and come to receive the stamp of the name of it. That is, in the last period, human is devoted at the heaven-earth worship or the universe faith. Only the Christians who are planned to be saved will not worship this beast, but they shall be massacred.This is "the Final Martyrdom".

Gog And Magog

Magog is a son of Japheth in Genesis. A brother of Gomer (the Cimmerians), Madai (the Medes), Javan (the Ionians=the Greeks), Tubal (the Tabali), Meshech (the Mushki=the Russians or the Ukrainians), and Tiras (the Thracians). Magog as the nation might be the Macrones from the row of the Tabali and the Mushki, though guessed that it is the Scythians (the Massagetae). Yapheth is positioned as the ancestor of the nations who lived along the coast from the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea. The Macrones did circumcision from the influence of Egypt and Syria according to Herodot. They seem to have had an intimate relation with the Orient.

Gog is the land of Magog who is the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal according to Ezekiel. It is used as a name of a place as well as a name of a person. Some claim that King Gyges of Lydia of the 7 century B.C. is indicated. If Gyges was from the Macrones, it shall be right. There are no records that Lydia invaded the Middle East. Anyway, Gog and Magog are different ones.

In Revelation, "Gog and Magog" is a name of the troop called out by Satan after the Millennium, and it consists of various national groups. It is uncertain which local peoples are to be denoted concretely. Perhaps, Gog and Magog might be all of the non-Christians at the End. Because all created beings except the Christians are extinguished.

Heresy

In Christianity "heresy" means the person or the group who has "the heterodoxy", views or faiths deviated from the legitimate doctrine, "the orthodoxy".It ought to be distinguished from paganism.However, since the orthodoxy is not necessarily clear, what is actually made into heresy may be unable to be defined exactly.From such a situation the ecumenical councils were held.The cleric tops met together in order to determine the legitimate doctrine and judge which and who is heretical.As heretic theories in Christianity, roughly (1) the position which is going to deny Jesus Christ's deity, (2) which is going to deny Jesus Christ's human nature, (3) which is playing with the prophesies about the Christian doctrines, Messiah and the End etc., (4) the others.Heresy appears as a test or a trial in the realization process of Evangelization.So to speak, it is a touchstone which sifts the Christians.Backing the heresy eliminates the Salvation forever.Heretication is the worst crime in faith, and the tolerant churches will not remain.The heretical problems are inside religion, and distinguished from the issues of the freedom of religion from the common power.That is, although the freedom of religion is secured to the heresies, inside the church, there must be no seats for them.

Trinitarians Trinitarianism

The Unity of God in Christianity is Trinity.As the legitimate interpretation of "Father, Son, and Holy Spirit" in the Gospel, It was established by Athanasius and others.It is difficult to be received sensuously, and often causes misunderstanding of and slander to Christianity.At the bottom of Unitarianism or Islam, there is a criticism and no understanding of Trinity.In Trinity, even if we can discriminate from Father, Son and Holy Spirit, each of Them is equal to each other and to Trinity, and Trinity is also equal to all of them.

Paganism

The meaning of "rude", "country".The religion generated as polytheism or atheism separately from the revalatory monotheism (Christianity, Judaism, Islam).Un-revalatory religion.Apostatization from Christianity to paganism is "paganization (falling out)".In addition, from the Judaists, the pagans (especially Christians) is called "the gentiles".

Proselyte

Those who converted to Judaism from Christianity.It is used also in the sense of "betrayer", "treachery".In Old Testament it means the aliens who resided in Judea.

Excommunication

Marking a heretic or an apostate a cursed brand.Anathema of Hell-going.

Witch Hunt

At the beginning, it was carried out as a social persecution to women from the female contempt opposite the Virgin Mary veneration.As the standard of the witches, there were many reasons of infidelity, unmarriedness, infertility, sickness, occupations (divining medical care etc.), etc.Soon, it was developed into a character of trial with the heretical fashion and the increase of social unrests.After the Reformation, by Catholicism, the form of the religious trial which the Church held was taken and a special court called the Inquisition was prepared.In Protestantism, the character as witch hunting of the public subject was strong.The objects were no longer restricted to the women.The possibility that the prosecuted person was found innocent was low.It was often submitted as sniping to a specific person.

Inquisition

The trial by the impeachment court for the heresies performed leadingly and systematically by the Catholic Church against the heretical fashion and the Reformation.Since Spain was especially long under Islamic rule, it carried out for the converts from the Muslims or the Judaists.

Monists Monism

The Monists are the critics who consider the Unity of God (mononess, unity, oneness, uniqueness etc.) as the Substance.If God is accepted at all, the Unityof God is logically obvious.Because a limit becomes settled uniquely.They commonly add something more than the mere attribute to the Uity of God.If this view is put into practice, the Deity of Jesus Christ will be denied to be contrary to the Completeness of Jesus Christ.They have generated mostly until the present age. Monarchians, MonarchianismThe Monarch means "single rule".The Monarchians emphasized the Unity of God, supposed the opinion that there is only Substance (unity) in God, denied Personas, and identified the relation between God and Jesus Christ with a domination.They are the Dynamists who emphasized the Deity of Jesus Christ and the Modalists who emphasized the Human Nature of Him.

Dynamists Dynamism

The Dynamo means "strength".The Dynamists belong to the Monarchians, and claimed about Jesus Christ "God has made Jesus Christ an ordinary human being called Jesus".Paul (Paulus) explained the dynamic theory that Jesus who was a man of having been moved by the intention (thinking) of God.Adoptionists explained figuratively, "God has made the adopted child an ordinary man called Jesus".If this view is put into practice, it will become the Uniterianism.

Apollinarians

A sect of Apollinarius.They claimed that Jesus has had the mind of God (God-Mind) although He was man.A kind of dynamism.

Arians Arianism

A sect of Arius.They advocate the subordination theory belonging to the Dynamism "Jesus Christ (Son) has been born (created) by God (Father), and deny the deity of Jesus by regarding Him as a creature (man).Originally Arianism was a criticism to the Modalism which tended to emphasize the deity of Jesus Christ to deny the human nature of Him.Even after being excommunicated as a heresy, it was deep-rooted among Germanic people, and the Constantinople Church was also tolerant.

Neoplatonists Neoplatonism

One of the Monism.The Platonists in the Roman period.They developed "One" shown in Platonism, and wanted to unify Hebraism and Hellenism in Judaism or Christianity.Neoplatonism is monotheism in that it premises Oneness of God, but a kind of cosmicism or universalism as well as atheistic thought in that it ignores the discontinuity between God and human and comprehends them the continuous existence.  

Unitarians Unitarianism

One of the Monism.The Unitarians are the critics who emphasize the Unity of God, and deny the Trinity and the Deity of Jesus Christ. They revived in Transylvania in modern times, and spread to Europe or the United States.

Universalists Universalism

One of the Monism.They identify God with the world or the Universe.They are atheists or pantheists.Non-Christians is devoted to the universe worship at the time of the End of the world.

Jehovah's Witnesses

They are said belonging to the Dynamism, the Arianism and Uniterianism.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church, Mormonists, Mormonism)

It is said belonging to the Dynamism, the Arianism and Uniterianism.Jesus Christ is not a Saint.

Unification Church

It is said belonging to the Dynamism, the Arianism and Uniterianism.It does not the Orthodoxy at all and uses an original doctrine.It is a parasitic heresy rather than derivative one.

Modalists Modalism

The Mode means "form" or "aspect".The Modalists are the critics who emphasize the Deity of Jesus Christ among the Monarchianism, and explain about Jesus Christ, "God was carrying out the form of a human being called Jesus".If this view is put into practice, it will become the Monophysitism.

Patripassians

The typical viewers of the Modalists, who claimed that Father in Heaven received the Passion in the form of Jesus Christ.If this view is put into practice, it will become the Islamitic thought "the Sufferings of Jesus were only the visions that God made".

Sabellians

The sect of Sabellius who was a critic supporting the Monophysites, MonophysitismThey are the critics who is going to accept only the deity of Jesus Christ and to deny the Human Nature of Him.Their view is the Modalistic theory developed.

Eutychians Eutychianism

The sect of Eutyches who was a critic supporting the Monophysitism.

Nestorians

The sect of Nestorius who was Monophysitic.From the position of the Anti-Arians belonging to the Modalism, they emphasized the Deity of Jesus Christ, and denied the Human Nature of Him.They worshipped the God which carried out Jesus Christ's figure.It got across to India and China, and gave big influences especially on Mahayana Buddhism, and became the cause of formation of esoteric Buddhism.

Talmudists

The Talmud is the volumes which the rabbis have noted about the laws.The orthodox school of the Judaism after Jesus Christ.Orthodox Jews and so on.For them Jesus Christ is considered a treasonous heretic.

Islam

The revealed relision (revalatory monotheism) founded by Muhammad.He was critical to Trinity, emphasized the Unity of God (Allah), and denied the Deity of Jesus (Isa).It is a Monarchian doctrine and a unified opinion which the Dynamism and the Modalism from Christianity.Unlike Judaism, Jesus is considered an innovative prophet (reformer).

Muhammad

Also Mahomet.The founder of Islam.He is the representative (agent) of Allar and considered as the last prophet.

Koran

Also Qur'an.Muhammad's memoir.The Book of Islam.The third Covenant.

Allah

The name of God of Islam.From "El" of the Mesopotamian God.

Messianicists Messianicism

They are the critics who think not the Divine Messiah (universal savior like in Christianity) for relief of human, but a special messiah for a specific race, nation, group and cult visits.The Shia of Islam etc. is this system, although Judaism is the prototype.In the modern times, although it is not a religion, a similar mental make-up is seen also in dictatorship as Bonapartism, Nazism, Fascism etc.

Shi'ites Shia (Shi'ah, Shi'ism)

The Islamic group which believes the revival of the leader called Imam.They are regarded as heresy by the orthodox Sunni Muslim.Originally they arouse from the cacophony caused inside the Quraish tribe whether as the 4th caliph, Ali the son-in-law of Muhammad should be nominated or not.Although Ali was elected as the caliph (the position of Muhammad's successor), he was assassinated.Then, the right of the caliph is moved to Muawiya the son-in-law of Muhammad and the Umayyad family.The sect which supported Ali tried to regain the right of caliph to Ali's son Husayn, but Husayn was slaughtered with the intrigue of the Umayyad family.As a result, the Shia separated as a Anti-Umayya group and dissidents.As those considered as the imam, other than Ally, around the descendants, there are about ten persons and the sects is formed.Although there is an opinion that the leading player of the formation of the Shia was a converted Jew from Yemen, Abdullah ibn Saba, the Shia suppose that it is a fabrication.Such circumstances are accelerating the confrontation between the Sunni and the Shia.

Messianic Jews, Messianic Judaism

The Judaists who accept Jesus Christ the Messiah.The position of compromising the two Covenants, Old Testament and New Testament.One of the Messianicism.

Pluralists Pluralism

Since God must be only one logically, "God" in the case of saying in duotheism, tritheism and polytheism, is not God.Nevertheless, they are contradictory on claiming that God which is not God is God.

Pantheists Pantheism

The primitive animism that gods (not God, special creatures like the geniuses, damons etc.) are dwelling in all objects.It is different from the Omnipresence of God, but there is a risk of their being confused.Ubiquitism is the view that the element of God (One God) remains in all objects created by God.It is easy to be connected also with the meaning that the intention of God is realized in all things (nature, a human being, universe, and world).It is used also for justifying the innovative conditions, although it is easy to be claimed from an affirmative position of the present conditions.

Atheists Atheism

They deny God.The negative skepticism and the positive criticism in the reality of God.

Materialists Materialism

They deny the reality of every mental existence.They value an ideological thing and have original philosophies and thoughts.That is, rather in fact, materialism itself is a religious and metaphysical faith system.Therefore, it has rejection against other metaphysics, theology or faith.

Dualists Dualism

They apply the confrontation between the good and the evil also to the world of God.It may become a dualistic monotheism which accepts the only one God in the back and may also become just a dualistic atheism.The most critical point is that the dualists accept the raison d'etre of Evil in order to keep the duality of Good and Evil.That is, in dualism they think denying Evil totaly is losing Good totaly, so they can not deny Evil perfectly because they can not help valuing Good with Evil.For example the Gnostic Christians say "Judas was the best-blessed man of Jesus" or "Jesus had sexual relations with Mary Magdalene".These fictions come from the desire to evaluate the sell-out of Judas and to weaken the Completeness of Jesus. This logic leads to the conclusion that Satan is an indispensable element in Evangel. If this view is put into practice, it will become the Satanism claiming that Good is equal to Evil and Evil is equal to Good.Dualism was the heresy on a par with monism to Christianity.

Zoroastrians Zoroastrianism

The religion of the Persian (Median) origin.The oldest dualism known historically.The reality of Zoroaster who is considered as the founder is not certain.There is the legend of Ziusudra who survived the deluge in Sumer and Babylonia, and he may be the model of Zoroaster.They regard the universe as the stage where Good god "Ahura Mazda" and Evil god "Angra Mainyu" is fighting. Since they use fire importantly in the ceremony, it is called "Fire worship" misunderstoodly.The mystery of Mithras, the son of Ahura Mazda, was in fashion for the military men and the merchants in the 2nd half of the Roman Empire.The Mithraism affected the gnosticism and Buddhism.In addition, the fighting between the good and the evil in Zoroastrianiam differs from the Last Judgment in Christianity.That is, it is misunderstanding that Christianity and Islam inherited the eschatlogical thought from Zoroastrianiam.The End is the logical conclusion from that the created world should have the last moment because of the physical, temporal and spiritual finitude in revalatory monotheism.

Gnosticism

The heretical intellectualism in Christianity.Generally it is the position in which they comprehend God with intellectualism, and is not a specific cult. The intellectualistic attitude is characteristic, which is going to search for God dialectically and methodically under the influence of Greek philosophy.Actually, from the influence of Zoroastrianiam, it was developed connected with dualistic eschatology.For early Christianity, it was the strongest heresy.Manichaenism and Buddhism were also affected by it.

Marcionites Marcionism

The dualistic sect which Marcion formed in the 2nd .One of the earlist cults of dualism or gnosticism.They think God (the Creator Lord) of Old Testament the Evil (Darkness), and Jesus Christ the Good (Light).

Manichaeans Manichaeism

The Dualistic religion which Mani founded in the 3rd .From Christianity, gnosticism, etc., he gathered up the doctrines inconstantly.

Paulicians

The eschatological and dualistic heresy of Christianity in the Middle Age. Probably, the followers of Paul of Antioch excommunicated in the 3rd were united with gnostic dualism or Manichaeism.Since the Constantinople Church was tolerant, it developed centering on Armenia and Turkey.It was attacked by the Byzantine Empire in the 9th .However, the remnants remained in Balkan and were inherited by the Bogomili group.

Bogomils Bogomilism

The eschatological and dualistic heresy of Christianity in the Middle Age.They inherited the instruction of the Paulician group seemingly.Spreading to the various parts of Europe from Balkan, they got the many sympathizers focusing on the poor farmers (serves). They disappeared with improvement in the economical position.it is said that the Bogomils of Balkan had converted to Islam in the Ottoman Empire period.

Catharis Cathars Catharists

The eschatological and dualistic heresy of Christianity in the Middle Age.Under the influence of Bogomilism, they spread in Italy and France.The Albigenses in southern France were representative.They were eradicated mostly by the Albigensian Crusade and disappeared to the 13rd .

Mahayana Buddhism

One of Buddhism.The instruction of Shakyamuni (Gautama Buddha) is that every man, with forsaking the world and extinguishing the desires, can be delivered and becoming a Buddha.That is, in the original doctrine, Buddhism was an individual practicism (Hinayana Buddhism).When Christianity was told to India by St. Thomas in the 1st , Buddhism took in the doctrines, such as the Atonement, the Love, the Salvation, the Heaven and the Hell, etc.However, since Shakyamuni regarded the lives painful, the desires wrong and the substances empty, in Mahayana Buddhism, the contradiction of giving a meaning special to emptiness (zero, nothing) has been caused.

Esoteric Buddhism

The cult which dedicates the absolutization of Cosmic Buddha under the influence of Christianity especially the Nestorian group, in Mahayana Buddhism.It lays Jesus Christ on Buddha, and considers Cosmic Buddha as the eternal and immortal fathert and Buddha as son of him, Jesus Christ.It is esoteric in the point of thinking the mystical experiences as important more than gnostic Mahayana Buddhism.

Nihilists Nihilism

They deny all the values. It is self-contradictory if they think that everything is valueless is valuable. It is contradictory to hold something valueless is valuable. Valuable is valuable and valueless is valueless. Therefore it is valueless naturally to claim everything is valueless.

Antichristians Antichristianity

The Antichristians are the critics who are going to deny Jesus Christ who is God or to weaken His Deity,They are the vicious challengers to Jesus Christ, and are the heresy in heresy.

Diabolists Diabolism

The Diabolists worship Evil.There are monistic diabolism which replaces Good with Evil and thinks the essence of the Creator God is Evil, dualistic diabolism which thinks Evil is greater than Good on the standpoint of dualism, and pluralistic (atheistic) diabolism which thinks the essence of existence is evil on the standpoint of pluralism or atheism. 

Satanists Satanism

The dualistic diabolism which thinks Satan is the head of Evil.Satan is regarded as the boss of Evil from the meaning of "the Opposer".It is mistaken for Lucifer (Phosphor the morning star).

Trists Trism

One of the Pluralism.The Trists are the critics who presuppose that Trinity is a tristic monotheism.They make a mistake in supposing that whether they call Father, Son, and Holy Spirit Personas or not, God is another essence from them.These are the same and are not essence different from God.In Hinduism, Trimulti is a tristism.

Alogi

The cult which denies the Holy Ghost or the cult against St. John's Gospel.They did not accept the work of the Holy Spirit, and were opposed to John's Logos theory that Jesus Christ is logos.They were wrong because Jesus Christ is complete also as the Holy Ghost.

Nicolaites Nicolaitans

John the Evangelist blamed them.Probably they were are Alogi.

Eschatologists Eschatologism

The Eschatologists are the critics who tell the prophesy of the End concretely (when, where and others).They are sinful to be contrary to the principle "The End is the arbitrary decision of God and it must not be told by others than God".They have generated mostly until the present age.

Montanists Montanism

A Eschatologic sect.Montanus explained in the second half of the 2nd A.D. that Jesus Christ would advent to Turkey.The support to them was expanded as the persecution againt Christianity by the Roman Empire became strong.They were stoic and critical of the Church.

Phallicists Phallicism, Phallic worship

The phallus means "Male Symbol" i.e., "Penis". It was very common all over the world in the ancient times, and in the present days, it is seen as the prayer of generation and prosperity in many districts including Japan.And some claim that the cross of Christianity is the phallus and the Cross worship is the symbolism of phallicim.First the cross of Jesus Christ is not the object of worship.Christianity is the worship of Jesus Christ, and the cross is subjective.Secondly the essence of the cross is the Orthogonality and the Completeness of the world of God.Nevertheless, some Christians misunderstand that the power of the cross is the "Vitality" of Jesus Christ.So sometimes they are about to worship the vitality and sexuality heretically.  

Occultists Occultism

Occult means "what is hidden".That is, the position of searching for the investigation of not the truth but the knowledge which is mystical or sealed, the arcana and the secret.When aiming at God or Covenant as the occult, they are an esotericism or a mysticism.Absorption in Occultism tends to the heresy.

Cabalists Cabalism

In Hebrew, cabala (kabbalah) means "what is inherited (a tradition, succession)".It is the methodology of pursuit for the Covenant in Judaism, which was materialized under the influence of the Hellenistic mysticism.The oldest cabalist known historically is the Qumran group.Although it is after it becomes the medieval times that the cabala comes to be known widely, in process of development, it became eclectic because it has taken various elements, the thoughts such as not only Judaism but Christianity, gnosticism and Neoplatonism and the techniques such as gematria, astrology and hermetic alchemy, etc.Absorption in Cabalism tends to the heresy.

Sephiroth Tree

The cabalistic icon which the Solomon's Seal and the cross are combined.It tries to aim at fusion or conformable interpretation of Judaism and Christianity.It was carried also into Christianity by some Christianin mystics.

Gematria

The numerological way which progressed in Babylonia.In Babylonia, the advanced algebra was developed for astronomical observation or the purpose of the civil engineering survey.However, apart from mathematics, the numerological way was developed by Magi as the technique for grasping the world in number.It is the technique of making the letters correspond to the figures and giving a meaning to a figure.Although introduced to Europe by Pythagoras, the followers of him secreted it as a kind of arcana that was much-treasured.It was made clear in the Hellenistic period and spread in the Mediterranean world.It seems that there is "666" as a number of Evil in the Revelation and the gematria was known widely even in Palestine.

Alchemy

It came to be called "Al-Chemy" in the meaning of "Mixture of Alexandria" from the development of alchemy in Alexandria in Egypt. It is said that the meanings of "Chimera" and "Squeeze" would be multiple in "Chemy".In Arabic, it only becomes a meaning of "Made in Egypt".

Alchemy hits on the research of the Pythagoreans in its roots. The Pythagoreans performed various researches on nature secretly, and the research on casting of the metal was included in that. It is manufacturing of "Orichalcum" that the Pythagoreans pursued ardently in this field. Orichalcum is the meaning of "Copper of the mountain" in Greek, and the restoration was attempted from assumption of Plato that Orichalcum was not an alloy but a scarce natural metal, though it was thought that it was an alloy of copper and zinc or tin. In future generations, it came to indicate the alloy of copper and zinc at the golden ratio (about 62:38), though Orihalcon was called the brass (Its finish looks like gold most). And gold is blessed metal. For it was gifted by the Magi at the Nativity, and Jerusalem in the Heaven is made from it.

When the rule of the Romans was established in southern Italy and Sicily, the research came to be done mainly in Alexandria because the Pythagoreans, who were anti-Roman (the enemy against the Romans), moved the base to Alexandria. After the Romans ruled Egypt, the Pythagoreans escaped in the Middle East chasedly, and the research of alchemy was succeeded to the Arab-Islamic world via Paltia and Persia, and flowed in Europe again.
Alchemy relates easily to the magic for it researches the spirit's working, and is often confused with magic. However, the intended purpose of alchemy is development of an ideal material, and it has no attempt of freely manipulating the spirits like magic.

Magic

Meaning of the art of Magi. It is surprising (jugglery and prophecy, etc.) not only in "Erudition" and "Skill". It related to Hermeticism or Neo-Pythagoreanism in the Hellenistic age, and it was done actively in the eastern Mediterranean region. Elymas of Cyprus whom Paul made blind is famous. From the first, the magicians were evaded as existence that disturbed righteous faith while they enchanted the citizens.

When the age advances, magic comes to indicate the art especially to manipulate the spirits and the souls, though it was a mixture of alchemy, astrology, numerology, prophecy, medicine, pharmacy, contacting, spelling etc. It was believed that men can be transformed to various animals and the dead can be revived with spells and medicines. The art of contacting with the devils was especially called black magic, and assumed to be heterodoxy in Europe. Magic as just entertainment is not anti-Evangelic.