論文要旨
Abstracts
狩猟と皇族
雑誌『猟友』に見る動物をめぐる政治・科学・ジェンダー
Hunting and the Japanese Royal Family: Politics, Science and Gender on Animals in Ryôyû Magazine
瀬戸口明久（大阪市立大学大学院経済学研究科）
SETOGUCHI, Akihisa
Graduate School of Economics
Osaka City University
Abstract：This paper discusses the origin of sport hunting in Japan, and its implications for politics, science, and gender. Although emperors often enjoyed ritual hunting prior to the tenth century, royal hunting subsequently declined after the establishment of samurai government. However, Emperor Meiji resumed hunting in 1881, and established goryôba (royal hunting fields). At the same time, royal families began to enjoy sport hunting (yûryô), emulating Western royal culture. In the late Meiji era, sport hunting became popular among royal families and the peers (kazoku), which brought about the publication of a sport hunting magazine, Ryôyû (1900-1923). The propagation of aristocrat hunting brought about a rich culture, which this paper calls ‘yûryô culture.’ For example, the earliest Japanese ornithologists (of which several were aristocrats) originated in this culture. It also brought about a unique view of gender. In the 1920s, Ryôyu magazine encouraged women to participate with men in sport hunting. However, aristocratic sport hunting declined in the late 1920s when the Japanese government decided to abolish goryôba. Even so, ritual hunting by royal families was maintained until the 1970s, when environmental criticism attacked the practice.
Keywords: royal families, peers, the Tenno system, royal hunting fields, ornithology, gender
キーワード：皇族、華族、天皇制、御猟場、鳥類学、ジェンダー
日本における進化論の導入
─「受容」vs.「抵抗」モデルを超えて─
瀬戸口 明久
これまで日本における進化論は、さまざまな「抵抗」によって正しい「受容」が妨げられたと理解されてきた。明治期における進化論は「歪曲」されて導入されたため、社会進化論に偏ってしまった。最近の研究では皇国史観からの「抵抗」も存在したことが指摘されている。さらに戦後のネオ・ダーウィニズム受容も、ルイセンコ理論や今西進化論による「抵抗」を受けたとされる。しかし本稿では、これらの従来の歴史理解は「受容」と「抵抗」のみに注目した偏った歴史叙述であることを批判したい。従来の歴史観にもとづいて、アメリカの創造論と日本の抵抗勢力を安易に比較するのはやめた方がよい。
Insecticides and Chemical Weapons: Case Study of Japan, 1918-1945
SETOGUCHI Akihisa
Kyoto University
Abstract
This paper describes the link between insecticides and chemical weapons in Japan and discusses their influence on entomology. I describe joint researches between entomologists at the National Agricultural Experiment Station, agricultural chemists at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), and chemists in the Army. Industrial production of chloropicrin in 1921, the first synthesized insecticide in Japan, was strongly supported by chemical weapons engineers in the Army. Another chemical was hydrogen cyanide, which was manufactured independently by the Army in 1930. Chemists at the chemical weapon division of the Army Institute of Scientific Research produced and tested hydrogen cyanide with entomologists at the National Agricultural Experiment Station. Army chemists also studied several insecticides such as organochlorine and organoarsenic compounds during the early 1930s, but researches on insecticides were dropped when they recognized hydrogen cyanide as a promising weapon. Although the mobilization of entomologists in Japan is smaller in scale than that in the United States and Germany, it is worthy of note that some part of insecticide industry in Japan was established before World War II with strong support by the Army.