Fundamental Study on Pattern Recognition by a New Experimental Method
Nagoya: Maruzen; [In Japanese with English abstract] (1976).
TAMOTSU SOHMIYA AND KAZUKO SOHMIYA
Sohmiya Institute of Psychology2911-6 Kiytahora, Nakashidanmi, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-0002,Japan
e-mail: tksohmiya@nifty.com
English Abstract
With recent drastic development of computers it has become evident that pattern recognition is a function inherent in the human brain and not available with mechanical brains. This particularity of the human brain becomes one of the most awkward problems when it is intended to substitute mechanical brains for intellectual faculties of the human brain.
The problem is of almost same type as that many psychologists have striven to digitize and materialize Gestalt qualities of figures for the recent fifty years, and this may be dependent on whole-properties of figures, but not on part-properties.
From this point of view, we devised an experimental method by which whole-properties of figures can be materialized. As shown in Fig. 1, two kinds of pattern are presented independently to left and right eyes and the prisms installed in the way of the sight pathes are then adjusted to accommodate the both patterns to the specified state. When the right eye- pattern is made flickering, the left eye-pattern being kept unchanged, it is observed that the overall left eye-pattern clearly but momentarily disappears immediately soon appearing the right eye-pattern. From this phenomenon, we set up the following formula.
Assuming that F is large in the figures which bear hard-to-disappear property and small in the figures which disappear with ease (0≦δ≦1→ ∞≧F≧ 0), we concluded as follows.
1.Visual system senses a luminance, which is a proximal stimulus, separately in terms of macroscopic and microscopic views: in mean luminance and luminance distribution.
2.Brightness is a perception dependent on macroscopic mean luminance and corresponds with illuminance which is a distal stimulus.
3.Whiteness is a perception dependent on microscopic luminance distribution (ratio of white elements to black elements) and corresponds with reflectance which is a distal stimulus.
4.Therefore, problem with brightness constancy can be solved by the fact that it is chiefly due to deficiency of evaluating the luminance which is an external condition.
5.Forms bear, disregarding illuminance, reflectance, ratio of illuminances and ratio of reflectances, figure strength which depends on only boundary condition.
6.Both information coming from right oculus and left oculus function independently as entirely different two systems even in the same side hemisphere.
7.Interaction between right ocular system and left ocular system is different in the type of levels as follows.
l)As for level of brightness, any interaction is not found.
2)As for level of whiteness, only the white elements being directly concerned with the stimulus excites white elements of another ocular system and inhibits black elements.
3)As for level of form, this becomes a[an] inhibitory force having uniformly decreasing tendency in accordance with the distance between boundaries.8.When patterns have an identical area, figure strength becomes larger in proportion to the length of the boundary of the patterns.
9. With patterns having an identical length of boundary, the smaller the area, the larger is the figure strength.
10.As far as similar figures are concerned, the smaller the pattern, the larger is the figure strength.
11.With patterns having an identical area and length of boundary, the lower the degree of symmetry, the larger is the figure strength.
12.Even among the same patterns, figure strength differs according to inclination of the patterns.
13.Neighborhood figures also affect figure strength.
14.Study on figure strength of boundary proximity allowed us to establish the following explanatory principles on geometrical-opticalillusion.
Principle of displacement l
Boundary shows a trend to displace towards higher dencity of boundary information, i.e., boundary has internal displacement force (F+) and external displacement force (F-) which are inversely proportional to the density inclination.Principle of displacement 2
Figures have stability (S) which is proportional to the field deformation.Principle of displacement 3
Amount of displacement of boundary (F) is proportional to displacement force (F'= F+ + F- ) and inversely proportional to stability,
therefore,F = f (F'/S).
15.Consequently, geometrical-optical illusion can be classified into 1) illusion in connection with the direction of displacement force, 2) illusion in connection with the magnitude of displacement force, 3) illusion in connection with the magnitude of stability.
16.In this paper, it was clarified that such Gestalt factors of proximity, similarity, closure, good continuity, and good Gestalt could be explained by means of the synchronous oscillation of figure strength.
English translation of section 5 is here
note:
1. In 14, four original matimatical signs are changed as follows;
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